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1. Interannual Modulation of Northern Hemisphere Winter Storm Tracks by the QBO

   https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076929  

   Wang, Jiabao; Kim, Hye-Mi; Chang, Edmund K. (March 2018, Geophysical Research Letters)
2. Modulation of the MJO and North Pacific Storm Track Relationship by the QBO

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027977  

   Wang, Jiabao; Kim, Hye-Mi; Chang, Edmund K. M.; Son, Seok-Woo (April 2018, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)
3. Causes of a Lack of QBO/Solar‐MJO Connection in Certain CMIP6 Models

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041606  

   Trencham, N E; Hood, L L (December 2024, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)

   Cheng, Y; Fu, R; Randel, B (Ed.)

   A connection between the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), solar variability, and the short‐term convective climate oscillation, the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), in boreal winter has been found in observational data, yet it is generally lacking in current global climate models (GCMs). A proposed mechanism is changes in tropical lower stratospheric upwelling rates and static stability caused by QBO and solar UV effects on extratropical wave forcing of the stratospheric residual meridional circulation (the Brewer‐Dobson circulation). The extent to which this mechanism, which operates only in boreal winter and enhances similar effects of the QBO‐induced meridional circulation, is simulated in a series of GCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) is investigated. The models are found to be often lacking complete representation of several elements of the mechanism, with particular issues being QBOs that are westerly biased and weak in the lower stratosphere, insufficient solar or QBO modulation of extratropical wave activity (the Holton‐Tan effect), too weak reductions in equatorial tropopause static stability in response to extratropical wave forcing, and MJOs that in some cases do not respond to these reductions. Through bypassing many of these deficiencies via data selection, it is demonstrated that effects on the MJO that resemble those found in observations (strengthening of the MJO following early winter sudden stratospheric warmings and during easterly QBO winters) can be simulated by a subset of the models. This supports operation of the proposed mechanism, and points to needed model improvements, although caveats exist and further work is needed. 

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4. Short-Term Solar Modulation of the Madden–Julian Climate Oscillation

   https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0265.1  

   Hood, Lon L. (March 2018, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences)
5. Solar Modulation of Cosmic Nuclei over a Solar Cycle: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.051001  

   Aguilar, M; Alpat, B; Ambrosi, G; Anderson, H; Arruda, L; Attig, N; Bagwell, C; Barao, F; Barbanera, M; Barrin, L; et al (February 2025, Physical Review Letters)

   We report the properties of precision time structures of cosmic nuclei He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O fluxes over an 11-year solar cycle from May 2011 to November 2022 in the rigidity range from 1.92 to 60.3 GV. The nuclei fluxes show similar but not identical time variations with amplitudes decreasing with increasing rigidity. In particular, below 3.64 GV the Li, Be, and B fluxes, and below 2.15 GV the C, N, and O fluxes, are significantly less affected by solar modulation than the He flux. We observe that these differences in solar modulation are linearly correlated with the differences in the spectral indices of the cosmic nuclei fluxes. This shows, in a model-independent way, that solar modulation of galactic cosmic nuclei depends on their spectral shape. In addition, solar modulation differences due to nuclei velocity dependence on the mass-to-charge ratio ( $A/Z$) are not observed. Published by the American Physical Society2025 

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