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   Hong, J. ; Kim, J.‐H. ; Chung, J.‐K. ; Kim, Y. H. ; Kam, H. ; Park, J. ; Mendillo, M. ( April 2020 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics)

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2. New Insight Into the Transition From a SAR Arc to STEVE

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101205  

   Gillies, D. M. ; Liang, J. ; Gallardo‐Lacourt, B. ; Donovan, E. ( March 2023 , Geophysical Research Letters)

   Key Points Detailed analysis of spectral transition of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR) Arc into Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) emission Ionospheric threshold conditions may be a requirement for the evolution of STEVE Basic parameters of transition features from SAR Arc to STEVE presented 

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3. Rainbow of the Night: First Direct Observation of a SAR Arc Evolving Into STEVE

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098511  

   Martinis, C. ; Griffin, I. ; Gallardo‐Lacourt, B. ; Wroten, J. ; Nishimura, Y. ; Baumgardner, J. ; Knudsen, D. J. ( June 2022 , Geophysical Research Letters)

   During the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm, citizen scientist observations from Dunedin (45.95°S, 170.32°E), New Zealand, revealed a bright wide red arc known as stable auroral red (SAR) arc evolving into a thin white‐mauve arc, known as Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE). An all‐sky imager at the Mount John Observatory (43.99°S, 170.46°E), 200 km north of Dunedin, detected an extremely bright arc in 630.0 nm, with a peak of ∼6 kR, colocated with the arc measured at Dunedin at an assumed height of 425 km. Swarm satellite data measured plasma parameters that showed strong subauroral ion drift signatures when the SAR arc was observed. These conditions intensified to extremely high values in a thinner channel when STEVE was present. Our results highlight the fast evolution of plasma properties and their effects on optical emissions. Current theories and models are unable to reproduce or explain these observations.

    

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4. First Simultaneous Observation of STEVE and SAR Arc Combining Data From Citizen Scientists, 630.0 nm All‐Sky Images, and Satellites

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092169  

   Martinis, C. ; Nishimura, Y. ; Wroten, J. ; Bhatt, A. ; Dyer, A. ; Baumgardner, J. ; Gallardo‐Lacourt, B. ( April 2021 , Geophysical Research Letters)

   On September 28, 2017 citizen scientist observations at Alberta, Canada (51°N, 113° W) detected aurora and a thin east‐west purplish arc, known as strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) that lasted less than 20 min. All‐sky imagers at subauroral latitudes measured stable auroral red (SAR) arcs during the entire night. The imager at Bridger, MT (45.3°N, 108.9°W) also measured a STEVE. The overlapping geometry allowed to determine that the height of STEVE was 225–275 km. STEVE is brighter in the 630.0 nm images in the West and almost merges with the SAR arc in the East. A DMSP satellite pass in the southern hemisphere was at the conjugate location of the Bridger imager during the STEVE observation. When mapped into the northern hemisphere intense subauroral ion drift and subauroral polarization streams were detected associated with the two optical signatures measured in 630.0 nm.

    

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5. Progressive and Punctuated Magnetic Mineral Diagenesis: The Rock Magnetic Record of Multiple Fluid Inputs and Progressive Pyritization in a Volcano‐Bounded Basin, IODP Site U1437, Izu Rear Arc

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   Musgrave, Robert J. ; Kars, Myriam ; Vega, Marta E. ( June 2019 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth)