Children with the temperament of behavioral inhibition (
Children completed a Go/Nogo task at ages 5, 7, and 10 years as part of a longitudinal study of
Children who experience early adversity are at increased risk for developing psychopathology, and dysfunction of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10056571
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Developmental Science
- Volume:
- 21
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 1363-755X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Background BI ) face increased risk for social anxiety. However, not all children withBI develop anxiety symptoms. Inhibitory control (IC ) has been suggested as a moderator of the pathway betweenBI and social anxiety. This study uses longitudinal data to characterize development ofIC and tests the hypothesis thatIC moderates associations between earlyBI and later social anxiety symptoms.Methods BI (measured at 2–3 years) and social anxiety symptoms (measured at 12 years). To assessIC development, response strategy (criterion) and inhibitory performance (d ′) were characterized using signal detection theory. Latent growth models were used to characterize the development ofIC and examine relations amongBI ,IC parameters, and social anxiety symptoms.Results IC response strategy did not change between 5 and 10 years of age, whereasIC performance improved over time.BI scores in toddlerhood predicted neither initial levels (intercept) nor changes (slope) inIC response strategy orIC performance. However, between ages 5 and 10, rate of change inIC performance, but not response strategy, moderated relations betweenBI and later parent‐reported social anxiety symptoms. Specifically, greater age‐related improvements inIC performance predicted higher levels of social anxiety in highBI children.Conclusions IC development in childhood occurs independent ofBI levels. However, rapid increases inIC performance moderate risk for social anxiety symptoms in children withBI . Implications for theory and practice are discussed. -
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Abstract ARGONAUTES are the central effector proteins of
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Abstract Executive function (
EF ) is a key cognitive process that emerges in early childhood and facilitates children's ability to control their own behavior. Individual differences inEF skills early in life are predictive of quality‐of‐life outcomes 30 years later (Moffitt et al., 2011). What changes in the brain give rise to this critical cognitive ability? Traditionally, frontal cortex growth is thought to underlie changes in cognitive control (Bunge & Zelazo, 2006; Moriguchi & Hiraki, 2009). However, more recent data highlight the importance of long‐range cortical interactions between frontal and posterior brain regions. Here, we test the hypothesis that developmental changes inEF skills reflect changes in how posterior and frontal brain regions work together. Results show that children who fail a “hard” version of anEF task and who are thought to have an immature frontal cortex, show robust frontal activity in an “easy” version of the task. We show how this effect can arise via posterior brain regions that provide on‐the‐job training for the frontal cortex, effectively teaching the frontal cortex adaptive patterns of brain activity on “easy”EF tasks. In this case, frontal cortex activation can be seen as both the cause and the consequence of rule switching. Results also show that older children have differential posterior cortical activation on “easy” and “hard” tasks that reflects continued refinement of brain networks even in skilled children. These data set the stage for new training programs to foster the development ofEF skills in at‐risk children. -
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ABSTRACT We examined interactions between baseline hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity in relation to executive functions (EF) in a sample (
n = 1,005) of children in low wealth, nonurban communities at age 48 months. Salivary cortisol and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) represented baseline HPA axis and PNS activity, respectively. The interaction between RSA and cortisol predicted EF such that children with either lower RSA and lower cortisol, or higher RSA and higher cortisol had higher EF scores. These findings suggest a potential compensatory relation in which the PNS and HPA axis counterbalance each other to support cognition. -
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Abstract Brassinosteroids (
BRs ) are essential plant growth‐promoting hormones involved in many processes throughout plant development, from seed germination to flowering time. SinceBRs do not undergo long‐distance transport, cell‐ and tissue‐specific regulation of hormone levels involves both biosynthesis and inactivation. To date, tenBR ‐inactivating enzymes, with at least five distinct biochemical activities, have been experimentally identified in the model plantArabidopsis thaliana . Epigenetic interactions betweenT‐DNA insertion alleles and genetic linkage have hindered analysis of higher‐order null mutants in these genes. A previous study demonstrated that thebas1‐2 sob7‐1 ben1‐1 triple‐null mutant could not be characterized due to epigenetic interactions between the exonicT‐DNA insertions inbas1‐2 andsob7‐1, causing the intronicT‐DNA insertion ofben1‐1 to revert to a partial loss‐of‐function allele. We usedCRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing to avoid this problem and generated thebas1‐2 sob7‐1 ben1‐3 triple‐null mutant. This triple‐null mutant resulted in an additive seedling long‐hypocotyl phenotype. We also uncovered a role forBEN1 BR ‐inactivation in seedling cotyledon petiole elongation that was not observed in the singleben1‐2 null mutant but only in the absence of bothBAS1 SOB7 BEN1 BAS1 SOB7 BAS1 BEN1 ,SOB7
