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1. Chemiresistive Graphene Sensors for Ammonia Detection

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b00853  

   Mackin, Charles; Schroeder, Vera; Zurutuza, Amaia; Su, Cong; Kong, Jing; Swager, Timothy M.; Palacios, Tomás (April 2018, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces)
2. Microfluidic Gas Sensors: Detection Principle and Applications

   https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101716  

   Kaaliveetil, Sreerag; Yang, Juliana; Alssaidy, Saud; Li, Zhenglong; Cheng, Yu-Hsuan; Menon, Niranjan Haridas; Chande, Charmi; Basuray, Sagnik (October 2022, Micromachines)

   With the rapid growth of emerging point-of-use (POU)/point-of-care (POC) detection technologies, miniaturized sensors for the real-time detection of gases and airborne pathogens have become essential to fight pollution, emerging contaminants, and pandemics. However, the low-cost development of miniaturized gas sensors without compromising selectivity, sensitivity, and response time remains challenging. Microfluidics is a promising technology that has been exploited for decades to overcome such limitations, making it an excellent candidate for POU/POC. However, microfluidic-based gas sensors remain a nascent field. In this review, the evolution of microfluidic gas sensors from basic electronic techniques to more advanced optical techniques such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to detect analytes is documented in detail. This paper focuses on the various detection methodologies used in microfluidic-based devices for detecting gases and airborne pathogens. Non-continuous microfluidic devices such as bubble/droplet-based microfluidics technology that have been employed to detect gases and airborne pathogens are also discussed. The selectivity, sensitivity, advantages/disadvantages vis-a-vis response time, and fabrication costs for all the microfluidic sensors are tabulated. The microfluidic sensors are grouped based on the target moiety, such as air pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and airborne pathogens such as E. coli and SARS-CoV-2. The possible application scenarios for the various microfluidic devices are critically examined. 

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3. Vesicle-Based Sensors for Extracellular Potassium Detection

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-021-00688-7  

   Boyd, Margrethe A.; Davis, Anna M.; Chambers, Nora R.; Tran, Peter; Prindle, Arthur; Kamat, Neha P. (October 2021, Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering)

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4. Bioelectronic Protein Nanowire Sensors for Ammonia Detection

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2825-6  

   Alexander F. Smith, Xiaomeng Liu (April 2020, Nano research)

   Electronic sensors based on biomaterials can lead to novel green technologies that are low cost, renewable, and eco-friendly. Here we demonstrate bioelectronic ammonia sensors made from protein nanowires harvested from the microorganism Geobacter sulfurreducens. The nanowire sensor responds to a broad range of ammonia concentrations (10 to 106 ppb), which covers the range relevant for industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications. The sensor also demonstrates high selectivity to ammonia compared to moisture and other common gases found in human breath. These results provide a proof-of-concept demonstration for developing protein nanowire based gas sensors for applications in industry, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. 

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5. Soft Tubular Strain Sensors for Contact Detection

   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38857-6_16  

   Dai, Kevin; Elangovan, Abirami; Whirley, Karen; Webster-Wood, Victoria A (August 2023, Springer, Cham.)

   Sensing and actuation are intricately connected in soft robotics, where contact may change actuator mechanics and robot behavior. To improve soft robotic control and performance, proprioception and contact sensors are needed to report robot state without altering actuation mechanics or introducing bulky, rigid components. For bioinspired McKibben-style fluidic actuators, prior work in sensing has focused on sensing the strain of the actuator by embedding sensors in the actuator bladder during fabrication, or by adhering sensors to the actuator surface after fabrication. However, material property mismatches between sensors and actuators can impede actuator performance, and many soft sensors available for use with fluidic actuators rely on costly or labor-intensive fabrication methods. Here, we demonstrate a low-cost and easy-to manufacture-tubular liquid metal strain sensor for use with soft actuators that can be used to detect actuator strain and contact between the actuator and external objects. The sensor is flexible, can be fabricated with commercial-off-the-shelf components, and can be easily integrated with existing soft actuators to supplement sensing, regardless of actuator shape or size. Furthermore, the soft tubular strain sensor exhibits low hysteresis and high sensitivity. The approach presented in this work provides a low-cost, soft sensing solution for broad application in soft robotics. 

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