Spinal muscular atrophy (
Premature restriction or closure of foramen ovale (
We retrospectively reviewed the echocardiographic records of 9704 fetuses seen from 2010 to 2014 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital, a regional and national referral center, to ascertain the presence of restriction or closure of
In this large, single‐institution cohort (n = 9704), 6707 fetuses seen between 23 and 37 weeks of gestation had normal heart structures; of these, 60 (0.89%) had restrictive
Premature
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10067314
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Echocardiography
- Volume:
- 35
- Issue:
- 8
- ISSN:
- 0742-2822
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 1189-1195
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract SAMHD 1 possesses multiple functions, but whether cellular factors regulateSAMHD 1 expression or its function remains not well characterized. Here, by investigating why culturedRD andHEK 293T cells show different sensitivity to enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, we demonstrate thatSAMHD 1 is a restriction factor for EV71. Importantly, we identifyTRIM 21, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a key regulator ofSAMHD 1, which specifically interacts and degradesSAMHD 1 through the proteasomal pathway. However,TRIM 21 has no effect on EV71 replication itself. Moreover, we prove that interferon production stimulated by EV71 infection induces increasedTRIM 21 andSAMHD 1 expression, whereas increasingTRIM 21 overridesSAMHD 1 inhibition of EV71 in cells and in a neonatal mouse model.TRIM 21‐mediated degradation ofSAMHD 1 also affectsSAMHD 1‐dependent restriction ofHIV ‐1 and the regulation of interferon production. We further identify the functional domains inTRIM 21 required forSAMHD 1 binding and the ubiquitination site K622 inSAMHD 1 and show that phosphorylation ofSAMHD 1 at T592 also blocks EV71 restriction. Our findings illuminate how EV71 overcomesSAMHD 1 inhibition via the upregulation ofTRIM 21. -
Key points Imaging techniques such as contrast echocardiography suggest that anatomical intra‐pulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVAs) are present at rest and are recruited to a greater extent in conditions such as exercise. IPAVAs have the potential to act as a shunt, although gas exchange methods have not demonstrated significant shunt in the normal lung.
To evaluate this discrepancy, we compared anatomical shunt with 25‐µm microspheres to contrast echocardiography, and gas exchange shunt measured by the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET).
Intra‐pulmonary shunt measured by 25‐µm microspheres was not significantly different from gas exchange shunt determined by MIGET, suggesting that MIGET does not underestimate the gas exchange consequences of anatomical shunt.
A positive agitated saline contrast echocardiography score was associated with anatomical shunt measured by microspheres. Agitated saline contrast echocardiography had high sensitivity but low specificity to detect a ≥1% anatomical shunt, frequently detecting small shunts inconsequential for gas exchange.
Abstract The echocardiographic visualization of transpulmonary agitated saline microbubbles suggests that anatomical intra‐pulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses are recruited during exercise, in hypoxia, and when cardiac output is increased pharmacologically. However, the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) shows insignificant right‐to‐left gas exchange shunt in normal humans and canines. To evaluate this discrepancy, we measured anatomical shunt with 25‐µm microspheres and compared the results to contrast echocardiography and MIGET‐determined gas exchange shunt in nine anaesthetized, ventilated canines. Data were acquired under the following conditions: (1) at baseline, (2) 2 µg kg−1 min−1
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DNA cistron to detect allopolyploidy when concerted evolution of this region is not complete. Additionally, with a robust chloroplast phylogeny in place, the direction of hybridization events can be established, and multiple, independent origins of allopolyploid species can be identified.