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1. Water properties of Arco Lake, Budd Lake, Deming Lake, and Josephine Lake in Itasca State Park from 2006-2009 and 2019-2021, v. 2.

   https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/692c92ef1c8291162732c2b98cebdaea  

   Swanner, Elizabeth D ; Lascu, Ioan ; Ledesma, Gabrielle ; Leung, Tania ; Akam, Sajjad ( December 2022 , Environmental Data Initiative)

   Depth profiles of water column chemical and physical properties were assessed with seasonal-scale frequency from four lakes in the Itasca State Park from 2006-2009 and from 2019-2021. The data was used to assess mixing status and major geochemical constituents within the lakes. Several parameters were routinely measured with deployable probes at meter or sub-meter resolution at the deepest location in each lake. Water samples were also collected for laboratory analysis. 

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2. A Climatology of Easterly Wind Lake-Effect and Lake-Enhanced Precipitation Events over the Western Lake Superior Region

   https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-22-0080.1  

   Sandstrom, Joshua D. ; Cordeira, Jason M. ; Hoffman, Eric G. ; Metz, Nicholas D. ( February 2023 , Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology)

   Abstract Lake-effect precipitation is convective precipitation produced by relatively cold air passing over large and relatively warm bodies of water. This phenomenon most often occurs in North America over the southern and eastern shores of the Great Lakes, where high annual snowfalls and high-impact snowstorms frequently occur under prevailing west and northwest flow. Locally higher snow or rainfall amounts also occur due to lake-enhanced synoptic precipitation when conditionally unstable or neutrally stratified air is present in the lower troposphere. While likely less common, lake-effect and lake-enhanced precipitation can also occur with easterly winds, impacting the western shores of the Great Lakes. This study describes a 15-year climatology of easterly lake-effect (ELEfP) and lake-enhanced (ELEnP) precipitation (conjointly Easterly Lake Collective Precipitation: ELCP) events that developed in east-to-east-northeasterly flow over western Lake Superior from 2003 to 2018. ELCP occurs infrequently but often enough to have a notable climatological impact over western Lake Superior with an average of 14.6 events per year. The morphology favors both single shore-parallel ELEfP bands due to the convex western shoreline of Lake Superior and mixed-type banding due to ELEnP events occurring in association with “overrunning” synoptic-scale precipitation. ELEfP often occurs in association with a surface anticyclone to the north of Lake Superior. ELEnP typically features a similar northerly-displaced anticyclone and a surface cyclone located over the U.S. Upper Midwest that favor easterly boundary-layer winds over western Lake Superior. 

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3. Filtered chlorophyll a time series for Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Claytor Lake, Falling Creek Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, Smith Mountain Lake, Spring Hollow Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, and Lake Sunapee in Sunapee, New Hampshire, USA during 2014-2022

   https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/88171603d5f6972ac52f00a08dfc2f28  

   Carey, Cayelan C. ; Breef-Pilz, Adrienne ; Woelmer, Whitney M. ; Howard, Dexter W. ; Niederlehner, Barbara R. ; Geisler, Beckett D. ; Das, Arpita R. ; Haynie, George ( March 2023 , Environmental Data Initiative)

   Water column chlorophyll a was analyzed from 2014 to 2022 in seven freshwater reservoirs in southwestern Virginia (VA), USA, and one freshwater lake in central New Hampshire (NH). These waterbodies are: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, VA), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, VA), Claytor Lake (Pulaski, VA), Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, VA), Gatewood Reservoir (Pulaski, VA), Smith Mountain Lake (Bedford, VA), Spring Hollow Reservoir (Salem, VA), and Lake Sunapee (Sunapee, NH). Beaverdam, Carvins Cove, Falling Creek, and Spring Hollow Reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia; Gatewood Reservoir is a drinking water source for the Town of Pulaski, Virginia; and Smith Mountain Lake is jointly treated by the Bedford Regional Water Authority and the Western Virginia Water Authority as a drinking water source for Franklin County, Virginia. Claytor Lake is utilized for hydroelectric power generation by the Appalachian Power Company. Lake Sunapee is a glacially-formed lake known for its oligotrophic water quality. The dataset consists of depth profiles of chlorophyll a samples generally measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam. The water column samples were collected approximately fortnightly from March-April and weekly from May-October at Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir, approximately fortnightly from May-August in most years at Carvins Cove Reservoir, approximately fortnightly from May-August in Gatewood and Spring Hollow Reservoirs from 2014-2016, approximately fortnightly from May-August of 2014 in Smith Mountain Lake, sporadically from May-August of 2014 in Claytor Lake, and sporadically from June-August of 2021 and 2022 in Lake Sunapee. Additional chlorophyll a samples were collected at multiple upstream and inflow sites along tributaries to Beaverdam and Falling Creek Reservoirs in summer 2019. The water samples collected were analyzed for both phaeophytin and chlorophyll a to quantify and correct for degraded phytoplankton within the sample. 

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4. Archaeological Landscapes during the 10-8 ka Lake Stanley Lowstand on the Alpena-Amberley Ridge, Lake Huron: ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES DURING THE 10-8 KA LAKE STANLEY LOWSTAND

   https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21590  

   Sonnenburg, Elizabeth ; O'Shea, John ( March 2017 , Geoarchaeology)
5. Synoptic Conditions and Lake-to-Lake Connections for Days with Lake-Effect on All of the Great Lakes

   https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-23-0006.1  

   Laird, Neil F. ; Crossett, Caitlin C. ; Britt, Catherine J. ; Metz, Nicholas D. ; Carmer, Kelly ; McBroom, Braedyn D. ( April 2024 , Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology)

   An investigation of lake-effect (LE) and the associated synoptic environment is presented for days when all five lakes in the Great Lakes (GL) region had LE bands (5LD). The study utilized an expanded database of observed LE clouds over the GL during 25 cold seasons (October–March) from 1997/1998 to 2021/2022. LE bands occurred on 2870 days (64% of all cold-season days). Nearly a third of all LE bands occurred during 5LD, although 5LD consisted of just 17.1% of LE days. A majority of 5LD (56.5%) had L2L and these days comprised 43.5% of all L2L occurrences. 5LD occurred with a mean of 26.1 (SD=6.2) days per cold season until 2008/2009 and then decreased to a mean of 13.8 (SD=5.5) days during subsequent cold seasons.

   January and February had the largest number of consecutive LE days in the GL with a mean of 5.7 and 5.4 days, respectively. As the number of consecutive LE days increase, both the number of 5LD and the occurrence of consecutive 5LD increase. This translates to an increased potential of heavy snowfall impacts in multiple, localized areas of the GL for extended time periods. The mean composite synoptic pattern of 5LD exhibited characteristics consistent with lake-aggregate disturbances and showed similarity to synoptic patterns favorable for LE over one or two of the GL found by previous studies. The results demonstrate that several additional areas of the GL are often experiencing LE bands when a localized area has active LE bands occurring.

    

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