skip to main content


Title: A C 0 interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin Method for fourth‐order total variation flow. II: Existence and uniqueness

We prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution of a C0Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin (C0IPDG) method for the numerical solution of a fourth‐order total variation flow problem that has been developed in part I of the paper. The proof relies on a nonlinear version of the Lax‐Milgram Lemma. It requires to establish that the nonlinear operator associated with the C0IPDG approximation is Lipschitz continuous and strongly monotone on bounded sets of the underlying finite element space.

 
more » « less
NSF-PAR ID:
10086677
Author(s) / Creator(s):
 ;  ;  
Publisher / Repository:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations
Volume:
35
Issue:
4
ISSN:
0749-159X
Page Range / eLocation ID:
p. 1477-1496
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. We consider the numerical solution of a fourth‐order total variation flow problem representing surface relaxation below the roughening temperature. Based on a regularization and scaling of the nonlinear fourth‐order parabolic equation, we perform an implicit discretization in time and a C0Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin (C0IPDG) discretization in space. The C0IPDG approximation can be derived from a mixed formulation involving numerical flux functions where an appropriate choice of the flux functions allows to eliminate the discrete dual variable. The fully discrete problem can be interpreted as a parameter dependent nonlinear system with the discrete time as a parameter. It is solved by a predictor corrector continuation strategy featuring an adaptive choice of the time step sizes. A documentation of numerical results is provided illustrating the performance of the C0IPDG method and the predictor corrector continuation strategy. The existence and uniqueness of a solution of the C0IPDG method will be shown in the second part of this paper.

     
    more » « less
  2. Neurotransmitters are small molecules involved in neuronal signaling and can also serve as stress biomarkers.1Their abnormal levels have been also proposed to be indicative of several neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington disease, among others. Hence, measuring their levels is highly important for early diagnosis, therapy, and disease prognosis. In this work, we investigate facile functionalization methods to tune and enhance sensitivity of printed graphene sensors to neurotransmitters. Sensors based on direct laser scribing and screen-printed graphene ink are studied. These printing methods offer ease of prototyping and scalable fabrication at low cost.

    The effect of functionalization of laser induced graphene (LIG) by electrodeposition and solution-based deposition of TMDs (molybdenum disulfide2and tungsten disulfide) and metal nanoparticles is studied. For different processing methods, electrochemical characteristics (such as electrochemically active surface area: ECSA and heterogenous electron transfer rate: k0) are extracted and correlated to surface chemistry and defect density obtained respectively using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. These functionalization methods are observed to directly impact the sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) of the graphene sensors for the studied neurotransmitters. For example, as compared to bare LIG, it is observed that electrodeposition of MoS2on LIG improves ECSA by 3 times and k0by 1.5 times.3Electrodeposition of MoS2also significantly reduces LOD of serotonin and dopamine in saliva, enabling detection of their physiologically relevant concentrations (in pM-nM range). In addition, chemical treatment of LIG sensors is carried out in the form of acetic acid treatment. Acetic acid treatment has been shown previously to improve C-C bonds improving the conductivity of LIG sensors.4In our work, in particular, acetic acid treatment leads to larger improvement of LOD of norepinephrine compared to MoS2electrodeposition.

    In addition, we investigate the effect of plasma treatment to tune the sensor response by modifying the defect density and chemistry. For example, we find that oxygen plasma treatment of screen-printed graphene ink greatly improves LOD of norepinephrine up to three orders of magnitude, which may be attributed to the increased defects and oxygen functional groups on the surface as evident by XPS measurements. Defects are known to play a key role in enhancing the sensitivity of 2D materials to surface interactions, and have been explored in tuning/enhancing the sensor sensitivity.5Building on our previous work,3we apply a custom machine learning-based data processing method to further improve that sensitivity and LOD, and also to automatically benchmark different molecule-material pairs.

    Future work includes expanding the plasma chemistry and conditions, studying the effect of precursor mixture in laser-induced solution-based functionalization, and understanding the interplay between molecule-material system. Work is also underway to improve the machine learning model by using nonlinear learning models such as neural networks to improve the sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and robustness.

    References

    A. J. Steckl, P. Ray, (2018), doi:10.1021/acssensors.8b00726.

    Y. Lei, D. Butler, M. C. Lucking, F. Zhang, T. Xia, K. Fujisawa, T. Granzier-Nakajima, R. Cruz-Silva, M. Endo, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, A. Ebrahimi,Sci. Adv.6, 4250–4257 (2020).

    V. Kammarchedu, D. Butler, A. Ebrahimi,Anal. Chim. Acta.1232, 340447 (2022).

    H. Yoon, J. Nah, H. Kim, S. Ko, M. Sharifuzzaman, S. C. Barman, X. Xuan, J. Kim, J. Y. Park,Sensors Actuators B Chem.311, 127866 (2020).

    T. Wu, A. Alharbi, R. Kiani, D. Shahrjerdi,Adv. Mater.31, 1–12 (2019).

     
    more » « less
  3. Beginning from the shallow water equations (SWEs), a nonlinear self-similar analytic solution is derived for barotropic flow over varying topography. We study conditions relevant to the ocean slope where the flow is dominated by Earth's rotation and topography. The solution is found to extend the topographic β-plume solution of Kuehl (2014) in two ways. (1) The solution is valid for intensifying jets. (2) The influence of nonlinear advection is included. The SWEs are scaled to the case of a topographically controlled jet, and then solved by introducing a similarity variable, η = cxnxyny. The nonlinear solution, valid for topographies h = h0 − αxy3, takes the form of the Lambert W-function for pseudo velocity. The linear solution, valid for topographies h = h0 − αxyγ, takes the form of the error function for transport. Kuehl's results considered the case −1 ≤ γ < 1 which admits expanding jets, while the new result considers the case γ < −1 which admits intensifying jets and a nonlinear case with γ = −3. 
    more » « less
  4. Abstract

    Abundant transition metal borides are emerging as substitute electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts for noble metals. Herein, an unusual canonic‐like behavior of theclattice parameter in the AlB2‐type solid solution Cr1–xMoxB2(x= 0, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.75, 1) and its direct correlation to the HER activity in 0.5 M H2SO4solution are reported. The activity increases with increasingx, reaching its maximum atx= 0.6 before decreasing again. At high current densities, Cr0.4Mo0.6B2outperforms Pt/C, as it needs 180 mV less overpotential to drive an 800 mA cm−2current density. Cr0.4Mo0.6B2has excellent long‐term stability and durability showing no significant activity loss after 5000 cycles and 25 h of operation in acid. First‐principles calculations have correctly reproduced the nonlinear dependence of theclattice parameter and have shown that the mixed metal/B layers, such as (110), promote hydrogen evolution more efficiently forx= 0.6, supporting the experimental results.

     
    more » « less
  5. Abstract

    We begin with a treatment of the Caputo time‐fractional diffusion equation, by using the Laplace transform, to obtain a Volterra integro‐differential equation. We derive and utilize a numerical scheme that is derived in parallel to the L1‐method for the time variable and a standard fourth‐order approximation in the spatial variable. The main method derived in this article has a rate of convergence ofO(kα + h4)foru(x,t) ∈ Cα([0,T];C6(Ω)),0 < α < 1, which improves previous regularity assumptions that requireC2[0,T]regularity in the time variable. We also present a novel alternative method for a first‐order approximation in time, under a regularity assumption ofu(x,t) ∈ C1([0,T];C6(Ω)), while exhibiting order of convergence slightly more thanO(k)in time. This allows for a much wider class of functions to be analyzed which was previously not possible under the L1‐method. We present numerical examples demonstrating these results and discuss future improvements and implications by using these techniques.

     
    more » « less