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1. The effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and thrombopoietin treatment on angiogenic properties of endothelial cells derived from the lung and bone marrow of young and aged, male and female mice

   https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001616RR  

   Dadwal, Ushashi C. ; Bhatti, Fazal Ur Rehman ; Awosanya, Olatundun D. ; Nagaraj, Rohit U. ; Perugini, III, Anthony J. ; Sun, Seungyup ; Valuch, Conner R. ; de Andrade Staut, Caio ; Mendenhall, Stephen K. ; Tewari, Nikhil P. ; et al ( August 2021 , The FASEB Journal)

   With an aging world population, there is an increased risk of fracture and impaired healing. One contributing factor may be aging‐associated decreases in vascular function; thus, enhancing angiogenesis could improve fracture healing. Both bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) and thrombopoietin (TPO) have pro‐angiogenic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treatment with BMP‐2 or TPO on the in vitro angiogenic and proliferative potential of endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from lungs (LECs) or bone marrow (BMECs) of young (3‐4 months) and old (22‐24 months), male and female, C57BL/6J mice. Cell proliferation, vessel‐like structure formation, migration, and gene expression were used to evaluate angiogenic properties. In vitro characterization of ECs generally showed impaired vessel‐like structure formation and proliferation in old ECs compared to young ECs, but improved migration characteristics in old BMECs. Differential sex‐based angiogenic responses were observed, especially with respect to drug treatments and gene expression. Importantly, these studies suggest that NTN1, ROBO2, and SLIT3, along with angiogenic markers (CD31, FLT‐1, ANGPT1, and ANGP2) differentially regulate EC proliferation and functional outcomes based on treatment, sex, and age. Furthermore, treatment of old ECs with TPO typically improved vessel‐like structure parameters, but impaired migration. Thus, TPO may serve as an alternative treatment to BMP‐2 for fracture healing in aging owing to improved angiogenesis and fracture healing, and the lack of side effects associated with BMP‐2.

    

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2. The respective and dependent effects of scattering and bone matrix absorption on ultrasound attenuation in cortical bone

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ad3fff  

   McCandless, Brett Austin ; Raum, Kay ; Muller, Marie ( April 2024 , Physics in Medicine & Biology)

   Cortical bone is characterized by a dense solid matrix permeated by fluid-filled pores. Ultrasound scattering has potential for the non-invasive evaluation of changes in bone porosity. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the impact of ultrasonic absorption in the solid matrix on ultrasound scattering. In this study, maps were derived from scanning acoustic microscopy images of human femur cross-sections. Finite-difference time domain ultrasound scatter simulations were conducted on these maps. Pore density, diameter distribution of the pores, and nominal absorption values in the solid and fluid matrices were controlled. Ultrasound pulses with a central frequency of 8.2 MHz were propagated, both in through-transmission and backscattering configurations. From these data, the scattering, bone matrix absorption, and attenuation extinction lengths were calculated. The results demonstrated that as absorption in the solid matrix was varied, the scattering, absorption, and attenuation extinction lengths were significantly impacted. It was shown that for lower values of absorption in the solid matrix (less than 2 dB/mm), attenuation due to scattering dominates, whereas at higher values of absorption (more than 2 dB/mm), attenuation due to absorption dominates. This will impact how ultrasound attenuation and scattering parameters can be used to extract quantitative information on bone microstructure.

    

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3. Effects of maceration on light stable isotopic (δ13C, δ18O) values of pig (Sus scrofa) rib bone carbonate: Implications for geolocation estimates of unidentified human remains

   https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2023.0006  

   Ceja, Ligia ; Soler, Angela ; Mortlock, Richard ; Quinn, Rhonda ( April 2023 , Forensic Anthropology)

   Geoprofiling isotopic analyses provide investigative leads for unidentified human remains cases by determining possible regions of origin or excluding unlikely residences during life, which in turn can reduce the number of missing persons an investigator mustconsider. However, maceration methods involving heat, bleach, baking soda, and detergents have much potential to significantly change biogenic isotopic values in the structural carbonate phase of bone bioapatite. Here we test the impact of seven maceration methods on δ13C and δ18O values of bone carbonate (BC) of pig (Sus scrofa) ribs. Four of the seven maceration methods altered pig δ13CBC values with offsets ranging from 0.4‰ to 1.4‰; this amount of change would not severely impact human diet or geolocation interpretations. Five of the methods significantly decreased pig δ18OBC values by averages ranging between 1.0‰ and 2.6‰ likely due to the isotopic exchange between bone and heated water. As an illustrative exercise, we compared our study’s results to macerated rib δ13CBC and δ18OBC values of an identified New York City resident previously in the custody of the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner (NYC OCME). We suggest that maceration methods, especially those involving heated water, can potentially contribute to erroneous geolocation estimates garnered from rib δ18OBC values of unidentified individuals.

    

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4. The effects of mechanically loaded osteocytes and inflammation on bone remodeling in a bisphosphonate-induced environment

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.008  

   George, Estee L. ; Truesdell, Sharon L. ; Magyar, Alexandria L. ; Saunders, Marnie M. ( October 2019 , Bone)
5. The effects of parity and litter size on bone metabolic activity in pregnant and lactating sows

   https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12958  

   Schmidt, Christina M. ; Chiba, Lee I. ; Hood, Wendy R. ( December 2018 , Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition)