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1. Proof-Carrying Network Code

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363214  

   Skalka, C; Ring, J; Darais, D; Kwon, M; Gupta, S; Diller, K; Smolka, S; and Foster, N (November 2019, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security)

   Computer networks often serve as the first line of defense against malicious attacks. Although there are a growing number of software defined networking (SDN) tools for defining and enforcing security policies, most assume a single administrative domain and are unable to handle the challenges that arise in networks that could beneficially be programmed by multiple administrative domains. For example, consumers may want want to allow their home IoT networks to be configured by device vendors, which raises security and privacy concerns. In this paper we propose a framework called Proof Carrying Network Code (PCNC) for specifying and enforcing security in SDNs with interacting administrative domains. Like Proof Carrying Authorization (PCA), PCNC provides methods for authorization domains for network reprogramming, and like Proof Carrying Code (PCC), PCNC provides methods for enforcing desired behavior of network programs. We develop theoretical foundations for PCNC and evaluate it in simulated and real network settings, in a case study that considers security in IoT networks for at-home health monitoring. 

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2. A survey of edge computing-based designs for IoT security

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2019.08.006  

   Sha, Kewei; Yang, T. Andrew; Wei, Wei; Davari, Sadegh (May 2020, Digital communications and networks)

   Pervasive IoT applications enable us to perceive, analyze, control, and optimize the traditional physical systems. Recently, security breaches in many IoT applications have indicated that IoT applications may put the physical systems at risk. Severe resource constraints and insufficient security design are two major causes of many security problems in IoT applications. As an extension of the cloud, the emerging edge computing with rich resources provides us a new venue to design and deploy novel security solutions for IoT applications. Although there are some research efforts in this area, edge-based security designs for IoT applications are still in its infancy. This paper aims to present a comprehensive survey of existing IoT security solutions at the edge layer as well as to inspire more edge-based IoT security designs. We first present an edge-centric IoT architecture. Then, we extensively review the edge-based IoT security research efforts in the context of security architecture designs, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, authentication and authorization protocols, and privacy-preserving mechanisms. Finally, we propose our insight into future research directions and open research issues. 

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3. A Survey of DDOS Attack Detection Techniques for IoT Systems Using BlockChain Technology

   https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892  

   Khan, Zulfiqar Ali; Namin, Akbar Siami (December 2022, Electronics)

   The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of sensors that helps collect data 24/7 without human intervention. However, the network may suffer from problems such as the low battery, heterogeneity, and connectivity issues due to the lack of standards. Even though these problems can cause several performance hiccups, security issues need immediate attention because hackers access vital personal and financial information and then misuse it. These security issues can allow hackers to hijack IoT devices and then use them to establish a Botnet to launch a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. Blockchain technology can provide security to IoT devices by providing secure authentication using public keys. Similarly, Smart Contracts (SCs) can improve the performance of the IoT–blockchain network through automation. However, surveyed work shows that the blockchain and SCs do not provide foolproof security; sometimes, attackers defeat these security mechanisms and initiate DDoS attacks. Thus, developers and security software engineers must be aware of different techniques to detect DDoS attacks. In this survey paper, we highlight different techniques to detect DDoS attacks. The novelty of our work is to classify the DDoS detection techniques according to blockchain technology. As a result, researchers can enhance their systems by using blockchain-based support for detecting threats. In addition, we provide general information about the studied systems and their workings. However, we cannot neglect the recent surveys. To that end, we compare the state-of-the-art DDoS surveys based on their data collection techniques and the discussed DDoS attacks on the IoT subsystems. The study of different IoT subsystems tells us that DDoS attacks also impact other computing systems, such as SCs, networking devices, and power grids. Hence, our work briefly describes DDoS attacks and their impacts on the above subsystems and IoT. For instance, due to DDoS attacks, the targeted computing systems suffer delays which cause tremendous financial and utility losses to the subscribers. Hence, we discuss the impacts of DDoS attacks in the context of associated systems. Finally, we discuss Machine-Learning algorithms, performance metrics, and the underlying technology of IoT systems so that the readers can grasp the detection techniques and the attack vectors. Moreover, associated systems such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are a source of good security enhancement for IoT Networks. Thus, we include a detailed discussion of future development encompassing all major IoT subsystems. 

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4. A Case Study of API Design for Interoperability and Security of the Internet of Things

   Kim, Dongha; Lee, Chanhee; Kim, Hokeun (November 2024, EAI)

   Heterogeneous distributed systems, including the Internet of Things (IoT) or distributed cyber-physical systems (CPS), often su↵er a lack of interoperability and security, which hinders the wider deployment of such systems. Specifically, the di↵erent levels of security requirements and the heterogeneity in terms of communication models, for instance, point-to-point vs. publish-subscribe, are the example challenges of IoT and distributed CPS consisting of heterogeneous devices and applications. In this paper, we propose a working application programming interface (API) and runtime to enhance interoperability and security while addressing the challenges that stem from the heterogeneity in the IoT and distributed CPS. In our case study, we design and implement our application programming interface (API) design approach using opensource software, and with our working implementation, we evaluate the e↵ectiveness of our proposed approach. Our experimental results suggest that our approach can achieve both interoperability and security in the IoT and distributed CPS with a reasonably small overhead and better-managed software. 

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5. PUFchain 4.0: Integrating PUF-based TPM in Distributed Ledger for Security-by-Design of IoT

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3583781.3590206  

   Bathalapalli, Venkata K.; Mohanty, Saraju P.; Kougianos, Elias; Iyer, Vasanth; Rout, Bibhudutta (June 2023, GLSVLSI '23: Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2023)

   his work presents a sustainable cybersecurity solution using Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF), Trusted Platform Module (TPM), and Tangle Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for sustainable device and data security. Security-by-Design (SbD) or Hardware- Assisted Security (HAS) solutions have gained much prominence due to the requirement of tamper-proof storage for hardwareassisted cryptography solutions. Designing complex security mechanisms can impact their efficiency as IoT applications are more decentralized. In the proposed architecture, we presented a novel TPM-enabled PUF-based security mechanism with effective integration of PUF with TPM. The proposed mechanism is based on the process of sealing the PUF key in the TPM, which cannot be accessed outside the TPM and can only be unsealed by the TPM itself. A specified NV-index is assigned to each IoT node for sealing the PUF key to TPM using the Media Access Control (MAC) address. Access to the TPM's Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) is defined by the TPM's Enhanced Authorization policies as specified by the Trust Computing Group (TCG). The proposed architecture uses Tangle for sustainable data security and storage in decentralized IoT systems through a Masked Authentication Messaging (MAM) scheme for efficient and secure access control to Tangle. We validated the proposed approach through experimental analysis and implementation, which substantiates the potential of the presented PUFchain 4.0 for decentralized IoT-driven security solutions. 

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