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1. The Beaufort Gyre intensification and stabilization: A model-observation synthesis: BEAUFORT GYRE STABILIZATION

   https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012196  

   Zhang, Jinlun; Steele, Michael; Runciman, Kay; Dewey, Sarah; Morison, James; Lee, Craig; Rainville, Luc; Cole, Sylvia; Krishfield, Richard; Timmermans, Mary-Louise; et al (November 2016, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans)
2. Dynamic Modes and Energy Pathways in the Changing Beaufort Gyre

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023271  

   Kosty, Jennifer A; Timmermans, Mary‐Louise; Le_Bras, Isabela (May 2026, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans)

   Abstract The wind‐driven Beaufort Gyre is stabilized through frictional damping of momentum at topographic boundaries and eddy fluxes. Mesoscale eddies, located predominantly within the Beaufort Gyre's halocline stratification, contain most of its kinetic energy. The vertical distribution of kinetic energy is intrinsically linked to the Beaufort Gyre's stratification, which has changed significantly in recent decades in response to wind forcing. Notably, a prominent deepening of the lower halocline has been observed. We explore how these stratification changes affect dynamic mode structures and energy pathways (i.e., the exchange of energy between barotropic and baroclinic modes) in the Beaufort Gyre over 2003 to 2024. Triplet interaction coefficients, which are derived from the quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity conservation equations, are used to quantify the efficiency of energy transfer between modes. We find that interactions within the second baroclinic mode (i.e., second mode velocity advecting second mode potential vorticity) are becoming increasingly efficient at keeping energy there, whereas interactions within the first baroclinic mode are becoming slightly less efficient. We couple our analysis of the interaction coefficients with an examination of mooring velocity data to determine how the modal distribution of kinetic energy has evolved over the past two decades. We find increased levels of kinetic energy concentrated in the first two baroclinic modes from 2019 to 2024, suggesting that the water column may be evolving to support a more active halocline eddy field as a balance on wind‐energy input. Our findings indicate that halocline eddies will likely play a greater role in stabilizing the Beaufort Gyre in the future. 

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3. The Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre

   https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-012034  

   Timmermans, Mary-Louise; Toole, John M. (January 2023, Annual Review of Marine Science)

   The Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre is a dominant feature of the Arctic system, a prominent indicator of climate change, and possibly a control factor for high-latitude climate. The state of knowledge of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre is reviewed here, including its forcing, relationship to sea-ice cover, source waters, circulation, and energetics. Recent decades have seen pronounced change in all elements of the Beaufort Gyre system. Sea-ice losses have accompanied an intensification of the gyre circulation and increasing heat and freshwater content. Present understanding of these changes is evaluated, and time series of heat and freshwater content are updated to include the most recent observations. 

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4. Biophysical Consequences of a Relaxing Beaufort Gyre

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085990  

   Zhang, Jinlun; Spitz, Yvette H.; Steele, Michael; Ashjian, Carin; Campbell, Robert; Schweiger, Axel (January 2020, Geophysical Research Letters)

   null (Ed.)
5. Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre: EDDY DIFFUSIVITY IN THE BEAUFORT GYRE

   https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075126  

   Meneghello, Gianluca; Marshall, John; Cole, Sylvia T.; Timmermans, Mary-Louise (December 2017, Geophysical Research Letters)