Between a rock and a soft place: surfgrass colonizes sediments without attachment to rock
More Like this
-
Superlatives—whether tallest, longest, or fastest—are more interesting than averages. This characteristic applies to many aspects of the geosciences, where scales of time and space are beyond human experience. The deepest trench, the highest mountain, and the most expansive desert are much more interesting than average ones. Interest in superlatives also applies to the oldest rocks. In this essay, we show that the oldest rocks in the United States are 3.62–3.45 billion years old (Ga) and are found in three different states. These localities define an east-west−trending belt in the upper midcontinent that stretches ~3000 km from Wyoming through Minnesota and into the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Complex U-Pb zircon systematics are observed in the oldest rocks from all three areas, complicating efforts to distinguish zircons that crystallized in the magma(s) that made the host rock from xenocrystic zircons incorporated by assimilating older rocks. Within these uncertainties, the oldest rock in the United States is 3.62 Ga (Eoarchean to Paleoarchean), but older, 3.8 Ga zirconbearing felsic crust existed and may be identified by future investigations.more » « less
-
In the Earth sciences, weathering encompasses all the physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks in place. Rock weathering takes decades to millions of years and impacts climate and soil formation. In our two-part lesson, students develop an understanding of weathering and how it can influence climate and human society through hands-on experiments. Lesson 1 focuses on how rock weathering impacts climate; students investigate how changing the temperature and acidity of weathering agents affects the rate of rock weathering. Lesson 2 focuses on how weathering impacts human society; students perform experiments simulating weathering of mudstone and granite via shaking rocks in containers; students observe that these rocks weather at different rates and produce different-sized particles because of physical weathering. Students relate their experimental observations to the process of soil formation and then apply this knowledge to societally relevant topics. These lessons bring rock weathering into the classroom with crosscutting concepts and connect the Earth, climate, and human society together in an interactive way.more » « less
An official website of the United States government

