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1. “Direct” 13 C Hyperpolarization of 13 C‐Acetate by MicroTesla NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE)

   https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910506  

   Gemeinhardt, Max E. ; Limbach, Miranda N. ; Gebhardt, Thomas R. ; Eriksson, Clark W. ; Eriksson, Shannon L. ; Lindale, Jacob R. ; Goodson, Elysia A. ; Warren, Warren S. ; Chekmenev, Eduard Y. ; Goodson, Boyd M. ( November 2019 , Angewandte Chemie International Edition)

   Herein, we demonstrate “direct”¹³C hyperpolarization of¹³C‐acetate via signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). The standard SABRE homogeneous catalyst [Ir‐IMes; [IrCl(COD)(IMes)], (IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl), imidazole‐2‐ylidene; COD=cyclooctadiene)] was first activated in the presence of an auxiliary substrate (pyridine) in alcohol. Following addition of sodium 1‐¹³C‐acetate, parahydrogen bubbling within a microtesla magnetic field (i.e. under conditions of SABRE in shield enables alignment transfer to heteronuclei, SABRE‐SHEATH) resulted in positive enhancements of up to ≈100‐fold in the¹³C NMR signal compared to thermal equilibrium at 9.4 T. The present results are consistent with a mechanism of “direct” transfer of spin order from parahydrogen to¹³C spins of acetate weakly bound to the catalyst, under conditions of fast exchange with respect to the¹³C acetate resonance, but we find that relaxation dynamics at microtesla fields alter the optimal matching from the traditional SABRE‐SHEATH picture. Further development of this approach could lead to new ways to rapidly, cheaply, and simply hyperpolarize a broad range of substrates (e.g. metabolites with carboxyl groups) for various applications, including biomedical NMR and MRI of cellular and in vivo metabolism.

    

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2. Order‐Unity 13 C Nuclear Polarization of [1‐ 13 C]Pyruvate in Seconds and the Interplay of Water and SABRE Enhancement

   https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202100839  

   Adelabu, Isaiah ; TomHon, Patrick ; Kabir, Mohammad S. H. ; Nantogma, Shiraz ; Abdulmojeed, Mustapha ; Mandzhieva, Iuliia ; Ettedgui, Jessica ; Swenson, Rolf E. ; Krishna, Murali C. ; Theis, Thomas ; et al ( December 2021 , ChemPhysChem)

   Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange in SHield Enabled Alignment Transfer (SABRE‐SHEATH) is investigated to achieve rapid hyperpolarization of¹³C₁spins of [1‐¹³C]pyruvate, using parahydrogen as the source of nuclear spin order. Pyruvate exchange with an iridium polarization transfer complex can be modulated via a sensitive interplay between temperature and co‐ligation of DMSO and H₂O. Order‐unity¹³C (>50 %) polarization of catalyst‐bound [1‐¹³C]pyruvate is achieved in less than 30 s by restricting the chemical exchange of [1‐¹³C]pyruvate at lower temperatures. On the catalyst bound pyruvate, 39 % polarization is measured using a 1.4 T NMR spectrometer, and extrapolated to >50 % at the end of build‐up in situ. The highest measured polarization of a 30‐mM pyruvate sample, including free and bound pyruvate is 13 % when using 20 mM DMSO and 0.5 M water in CD₃OD. Efficient¹³C polarization is also enabled by favorable relaxation dynamics in sub‐microtesla magnetic fields, as indicated by fast polarization buildup rates compared to theT₁spin‐relaxation rates (e. g., ∼0.2 s⁻¹versus ∼0.1 s⁻¹, respectively, for a 6 mM catalyst‐[1‐¹³C]pyruvate sample). Finally, the catalyst‐bound hyperpolarized [1‐¹³C]pyruvate can be released rapidly by cycling the temperature and/or by optimizing the amount of water, paving the way to future biomedical applications of hyperpolarized [1‐¹³C]pyruvate produced via comparatively fast and simple SABRE‐SHEATH‐based approaches.

    

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3. Synthesis and 15 N NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange of [ 15 N]Dalfampridine at Microtesla Magnetic Fields

   https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202100109  

   Chukanov, Nikita V. ; Salnikov, Oleg G. ; Trofimov, Ivan A. ; Kabir, Mohammad S. H. ; Kovtunov, Kirill V. ; Koptyug, Igor V. ; Chekmenev, Eduard Y. ( April 2021 , ChemPhysChem)

   Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) technique enables nuclear spin hyperpolarization of wide range of compounds using parahydrogen. Here we present the synthetic approach to prepare¹⁵N‐labeled [¹⁵N]dalfampridine (4‐amino[¹⁵N]pyridine) utilized as a drug to reduce the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. The synthesized compound was hyperpolarized using SABRE at microtesla magnetic fields (SABRE‐SHEATH technique) with up to 2.0 %¹⁵N polarization. The 7‐hour‐long activation of SABRE pre‐catalyst [Ir(IMes)(COD)Cl] in the presence of [¹⁵N]dalfampridine can be remedied by the use of pyridine co‐ligand for catalyst activation while retaining the¹⁵N polarization levels of [¹⁵N]dalfampridine. The effects of experimental conditions such as polarization transfer magnetic field, temperature, concentration, parahydrogen flow rate and pressure on¹⁵N polarization levels of free and equatorial catalyst‐bound [¹⁵N]dalfampridine were investigated. Moreover, we studied¹⁵N polarization build‐up and decay at magnetic field of less than 0.04 μT as well as¹⁵N polarization decay at the Earth's magnetic field and at 1.4 T.

    

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4. Efficient SABRE-SHEATH Hyperpolarization of Potent Branched-Chain-Amino-Acid Metabolic Probe [1-13C]ketoisocaproate

   https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020200  

   Adelabu, Isaiah ; Chowdhury, Md Raduanul ; Nantogma, Shiraz ; Oladun, Clementinah ; Ahmed, Firoz ; Stilgenbauer, Lukas ; Sadagurski, Marianna ; Theis, Thomas ; Goodson, Boyd M. ; Chekmenev, Eduard Y. ( February 2023 , Metabolites)

   Efficient 13C hyperpolarization of ketoisocaproate is demonstrated in natural isotopic abundance and [1-13C]enriched forms via SABRE-SHEATH (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei). Parahydrogen, as the source of nuclear spin order, and ketoisocaproate undergo simultaneous chemical exchange with an Ir-IMes-based hexacoordinate complex in CD3OD. SABRE-SHEATH enables spontaneous polarization transfer from parahydrogen-derived hydrides to the 13C nucleus of transiently bound ketoisocaproate. 13C polarization values of up to 18% are achieved at the 1-13C site in 1 min in the liquid state at 30 mM substrate concentration. The efficient polarization build-up becomes possible due to favorable relaxation dynamics. Specifically, the exponential build-up time constant (14.3 ± 0.6 s) is substantially lower than the corresponding polarization decay time constant (22.8 ± 1.2 s) at the optimum polarization transfer field (0.4 microtesla) and temperature (10 °C). The experiments with natural abundance ketoisocaproate revealed polarization level on the 13C-2 site of less than 1%—i.e., one order of magnitude lower than that of the 1-13C site—which is only partially due to more-efficient relaxation dynamics in sub-microtesla fields. We rationalize the overall much lower 13C-2 polarization efficiency in part by less favorable catalyst-binding dynamics of the C-2 site. Pilot SABRE experiments at pH 4.0 (acidified sample) versus pH 6.1 (unaltered sodium [1-13C]ketoisocaproate) reveal substantial modulation of SABRE-SHEATH processes by pH, warranting future systematic pH titration studies of ketoisocaproate, as well as other structurally similar ketocarboxylate motifs including pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, with the overarching goal of maximizing 13C polarization levels in these potent molecular probes. Finally, we also report on the pilot post-mortem use of HP [1-13C]ketoisocaproate in a euthanized mouse, demonstrating that SABRE-hyperpolarized 13C contrast agents hold promise for future metabolic studies. 

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5. Synthetic Approaches for 15 N‐Labeled Hyperpolarized Heterocyclic Molecular Imaging Agents for 15 N NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in Microtesla Magnetic Fields

   https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202100212  

   Chukanov, Nikita V. ; Shchepin, Roman V. ; Joshi, Sameer M. ; Kabir, Mohammad S. H. ; Salnikov, Oleg G. ; Svyatova, Alexandra ; Koptyug, Igor V. ; Gelovani, Juri G. ; Chekmenev, Eduard Y. ( May 2021 , Chemistry – A European Journal)

   NMR hyperpolarization techniques enhance nuclear spin polarization by several orders of magnitude resulting in corresponding sensitivity gains. This enormous sensitivity gain enables new applications ranging from studies of small molecules by using high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy to real‐time metabolic imagingin vivo. Several hyperpolarization techniques exist for hyperpolarization of a large repertoire of nuclear spins, although the¹³C and¹⁵N sites of biocompatible agents are the key targets due to their widespread use in biochemical pathways. Moreover, their longT₁allows hyperpolarized states to be retained for up to tens of minutes. Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a low‐cost and ultrafast hyperpolarization technique that has been shown to be versatile for the hyperpolarization of¹⁵N nuclei. Although large sensitivity gains are enabled by hyperpolarization,¹⁵N natural abundance is only ∼0.4 %, so isotopic labeling of the molecules to be hyperpolarized is required in order to take full advantage of the hyperpolarized state. Herein, we describe selected advances in the preparation of¹⁵N‐labeled compounds with the primary emphasis on using these compounds for SABRE polarization in microtesla magnetic fields through spontaneous polarization transfer from parahydrogen. Also, these principles can certainly be applied for hyperpolarization of these emerging contrast agents using dynamic nuclear polarization and other techniques.

    

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