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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, lipid compartments that mediate the intercellular transport of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites. During infectious diseases, EVs released by host cells promote immune responses, while those released by pathogens attempt to subvert host immunity. There is a growing body of research investigating the role of fungal EVs in plant pathosystems. It is becoming clear that EVs released by fungal phytopathogens play a role during infection through the transport of protein effectors, toxic metabolites and RNA. Here, we discuss recent findings on EVs in fungal phytopathogens, including the methods employed in their isolation, their characterization, contents and functionality, as well as the key questions remaining to be addressed.
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Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines
- Award ID(s):
- 1750542
- PAR ID:
- 10136221
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
- Volume:
- 7
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2001-3078
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1535750
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are released by cells and mediate cell–cell communication by transferring bioactive molecules such as RNA. RNA cargo of EVs, including coding and non‐coding RNAs, can change the behaviour of recipient cells, affecting processes including gene expression, proliferation, and Fapoptosis. CircRNAs are stable and resistant to degradation and have been shown to be enriched in EVs. They play key roles in gene regulation and are also emerging as promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis due to their stability and disease‐specific expression. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most well studied RNA cargo of EVs, very little is known about the mechanisms of enrichment of circular RNAs (circRNAs) as well as long linear RNAs. Here, we take a comprehensive genome‐wide approach to investigate the role of structuredness and shape along with GC%, size, exon count and coding potential, in the sorting and enrichment of circular and long linear RNAs into EVs. We developed a model using these parameters to predict the likelihood of EV packaging of RNA and it was validated by using single molecule RNA imaging of EV bound RNAs. Furthermore, we found that structuredness could explain the relative enrichment of circRNAs over their linear counterparts. These results were validated on existing public databases of circular and linear RNAs in EVs. By identifying and analysing these factors, we aim to better understand the complex mechanisms behind EV‐mediated RNA transfer and its impact on cell communication in both health and disease. This mechanistic understanding of RNA enrichment in EVs is crucial for engineering EVs with selective RNA cargo.more » « less
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Plants and microbes exchange macromolecules such as RNA and proteins. How this exchange is accomplished is poorly understood, but extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as likely vehicles. Here, we review recent work on the biogenesis and functions of plant EVs and the current evidence in support of and against their role in cross-kingdom RNA interference. Plant EVs, like EVs from other kingdoms of life, are released in part by the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, a complex and conserved mechanism involving lipid-modifying proteins, the exocyst complex, and Rab GTPases. Though some plant EV subpopulations are involved in immunity, it appears unlikely that plant EVs contribute to cross-kingdom RNA interference. Recent work has shown that plants secrete extravesicular RNA, including small RNAs and long noncoding RNAs, into the leaf apoplast and onto leaf surfaces, while very little RNA is found inside of EVs. We propose that these free extracellular RNAs play a central role in maintaining a healthy leaf microbiome.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750
