- Award ID(s):
- 1657662
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10149238
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Zootaxa
- Volume:
- 4712
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 1175-5326
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 151 to 201
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract The butterfly tribe Candalidini is geographically restricted to Australia and mainland New Guinea and its adjacent islands. With 60 species and subspecies, it represents a large radiation of Papilionoidea in the Australian region. Although the species‐level taxonomy is relatively well understood, the number of genera is uncertain, varying from two to eight. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the Candalidini based on a 13‐locus hybrid enrichment probe set (12.8 Kbp: COI, Thiolase, CAD, CAT, DDC, EF1‐a, GAPDH, HCL, IDH, MDH, RPS2, RPS5, Wingless), including all previously recognized genera and 76% (28/37) of the species‐level diversity of the tribe. Maximum likelihood analysis recovered the Candalidini as a strongly supported monophyletic group. In conjunction with morphological characters, the phylogeny provided a robust framework for a revised classification in which we recognize four genera, 37 species and 23 subspecies. The genus
Nesolycaena Waterhouse & R.E. Turner is considered in synonymy withCandalides Hübner, and four other genera are not recognized, namely,Holochila C. Felder,Adaluma Tindale,Zetona Waterhouse andMicroscena Tite. Of the four valid genera, theabsimilis group (23 species) is placed in the newly described genusEirmocides Braby, Espeland & Müllergen. nov. (type speciesCandalides consimilis Waterhouse). Theerinus group (six species) is assigned toErina Swainson, which is reinstated.Chrysophanus cyprotus Olliff is assigned toCyprotides Tite, which is also reinstated as a monotypic genus. The remaining seven species are placed inCandalides sensu stricto . Overall, we propose 47 new nomenclatural changes at the species and subspecies levels, including the synonymy ofHolochila biaka Tite asEirmocides tringa biaka (Tite)syn. nov. et comb. nov. and recognition ofCandalides hyacinthinus gilesi M.R. Williams & Bollam as a distinct speciesErina gilesi (M.R. Williams & Bollamstat. rev. et comb. nov. A dated phylogeny using Bayesian inference in BEAST2 and biogeographical and habitat analyses based on the DEC model in BioGeoBEARS indicated that the ancestor of the Candalidini most likely evolved in rainforest habitats of the mesic biome in situ on the Australian plate of Southern Gondwana during the Eocene (c. 43 Ma). A major period of diversification occurred in the Miocene, which coincided with aridification of the Australian continent, followed by a further episode of radiation in montane New Guinea during the Plio‐Pleistocene.This published work has been registered on ZooBank by the authors: Michael Braby:
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:4D3A7605‐EBD0‐40F6‐A5F2‐7F67F59E3D60 ;Marianne Espeland:
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:00D6F9F9‐3902‐4A8B‐846F‐720AB32922A6 ;Chris Müller:
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:15FE5F26‐7596‐46C2‐9697‐1FD92A692D0D ;http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:47D5CA34‐C294‐4FBD‐84B6‐1C2A82B7CADF . -
Abstract Since the first Spanish settlers brought horses to America centuries ago, several local varieties and breeds have been established in the New World. These were generally a consequence of the admixture of the different breeds arriving from Europe. In some instances, local horses have been selectively bred for specific traits, such as appearance, endurance, strength, and gait. We looked at the genetics of two breeds, the Puerto Rican Non-Purebred (PRNPB) (also known as the “Criollo”) horses and the Puerto Rican Paso Fino (PRPF), from the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico. While it is reasonable to assume that there was a historic connection between the two, the genetic link between them has never been established. In our study, we started by looking at the genetic ancestry and diversity of current Puerto Rican horse populations using a 668 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop (HVR1) in 200 horses from 27 locations on the island. We then genotyped all 200 horses in our sample for the “gait-keeper”
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