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   Seong, H.G.; Chen, Z.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T.P. (March 2022, Angewandte Chemie)
2. Polymer Lung Surfactants

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3. Dynamics and Stability of Surface Waves with Surfactants

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4. Feeding Rate of Mussels with Microplastics and Surfactants

   Flores, Y; Haynes, V; Ward, E (February 2018, Ocean Sciences)

   Suspension-feeding mollusks (e.g., bivalves) play a key role in improving the water quality of coastal environments by filtering out suspended matter from the water column. Microplastics are becoming ubiquitous in the marine environment, so it is important to understand if these particles affect feeding processes of bivalves. Additionally, previous studies regarding the impact of microplastic on bivalve physiology have not independently tested for the effects of surfactants which are often added to commercially available plastic particles to prevent aggregation. We measured the clearance rate of mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to one type of microplastic and three common surfactants. Mussels were given a dose of microalgal food (1 x 104 cells/mL) and 10-m polystyrene spheres (Polybead; 1 x 104 beads/mL). Experimental treatments tested were washed microspheres and microspheres coated with each of the following surfactants at a concentration of 2mg/L: triton X-100, benzalkonium chloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. These surfactants are nonionic, cationic, and anionic, respectively. Control mussels were given a microalgal diet only (2 x 104 cells/mL). Each mussel was placed in an individual 1-L chamber and exposed to one of the aforementioned treatments. Water samples were taken at the start of the experiment (t=0) and then every 10 minutes for 30 minutes to determine clearance rates. Particle concentrations were measured using an electronic particle counter (Coulter Counter) at an appropriate size range for the algae and microspheres. Our results indicate that microspheres with or without surfactant had no effect on clearance rates of mussel compared to those of the controls. Further, our research suggests that the use of polystyrene microspheres in future experiments without initial washing does not affect the clearance rate of mussels. 

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5. The effects of surfactants on plunging breakers

   https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.721  

   Erinin, M.A.; Liu, C.; Liu, X.; Mostert, W.; Deike, L.; Duncan, J.H. (October 2023, Journal of Fluid Mechanics)

   The effects of surfactants on a mechanically generated plunging breaker are studied experimentally in a laboratory wave tank. Waves are generated using a dispersively focused wave packet with a characteristic wavelength of$$\lambda _0 = 1.18$$m. Experiments are performed with two sets of surfactant solutions. In the first set, increasing amounts of the soluble surfactant Triton X-100 are mixed into the tank water, while in the second set filtered tap water is left undisturbed in the tank for wait times ranging from 15 min to 21 h. Increasing Triton X-100 concentrations and longer wait times lead to surfactant-induced changes in the dynamic properties of the free surface in the tank. It is found that low surface concentrations of surfactants can dramatically change the wave breaking process by changing the shape of the jet and breaking up the entrained air cavity at the time of jet impact. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of plunging breakers with constant surface tension are used to show that there is significant compression of the free surface near the plunging jet tip and dilatation elsewhere. To explore the effect of this compression/dilatation, the surface tension isotherm is measured in all experimental cases. The effects of surfactants on the plunging jet are shown to be primarily controlled by the surface tension gradient ($$\Delta \mathcal {E}$$) while the ambient surface tension of the undisturbed wave tank ($$\sigma _0$$) plays a secondary role. 

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