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1. S ² -PM: semi-supervised learning for efficient performance modeling of analog and mixed signal circuits

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3287624.3287657  

   Alawieh, Mohamed Baker; Tang, Xiyuan; Pan, David Z. (January 2019, ASP-DAC)
2. Synthesis of 5‐Cyanomethyluridine (cnm ⁵ U) and 5‐Cyanouridine (cn ⁵ U) Phosphoramidites and Their Incorporation into RNA Oligonucleotides

   https://doi.org/10.1002/cpnc.114  

   Mao, Song; Tsai, Hsu‐Chun; Sheng, Jia (August 2020, Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry)

   Abstract This article contains detailed synthetic protocols for preparation of 5‐cyanomethyluridine (cnm⁵U) and 5‐cyanouridine (cn⁵U) phosphoramidites. The synthesis of the cnm⁵U phosphoramidite building block starts with commercially available 5‐methyluridine (m⁵C), followed by bromination of the 5‐methyl group to install the cyano moiety using TMSCN/TBAF. The cn⁵U phosphoramidite is obtained by regular Vorbrüggen glycosylation of the protected ribofuranose with silylated 5‐cyanouracil. These two modified phosphoramidites are suitable for synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides on solid phase using conventional amidite chemistry. Our protocol provides access to two novel building blocks for constructing RNA‐based therapeutics. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of cnm⁵U and cn⁵U phosphoramidites Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis, purification, and characterization of cnm⁵U‐ and cn⁵U‐modified RNA oligonucleotides 

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3. Alternate routes to mnm ⁵ s ² U synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria

   https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00452-23  

   Jaroch, Marshall; Sun, Guangxin; Tsui, Ho-Ching Tiffany; Reed, Colbie; Sun, Jingjing; Jörg, Marko; Winkler, Malcolm E; Rice, Kelly C; Dziergowska, Agnieszka; Stich, Troy A; et al (April 2024, Journal of Bacteriology)

   Henkin, Tina M (Ed.)

   The wobble bases of tRNAs that decode split codons are often heavily modified. In bacteria, tRNA^{Glu, Gln, Asp}contains a variety of xnm⁵s²U derivatives. The synthesis pathway for these modifications is complex and fully elucidated only in a handful of organisms, including the Gram-negativeEscherichia coliK12 model. Despite the ubiquitous presence of mnm⁵s²U modification, genomic analysis shows the absence ofmnmCorthologous genes, suggesting the occurrence of alternate biosynthetic schemes for the conversion of cmnm⁵s²U to mnm⁵s²U. Using a combination of comparative genomics and genetic studies, a member of the YtqA subgroup of the radical Sam superfamily was found to be involved in the synthesis of mnm⁵s²U in bothBacillus subtilisandStreptococcus mutans. This protein, renamed MnmL, is encoded in an operon with the recently discovered MnmM methylase involved in the methylation of the pathway intermediate nm⁵s²U into mnm⁵s²U inB. subtilis. Analysis of tRNA modifications of bothS. mutansandStreptococcus pneumoniaeshows that growth conditions and genetic backgrounds influence the ratios of pathway intermediates owing to regulatory loops that are not yet understood. The MnmLM pathway is widespread along the bacterial tree, with some phyla, such as Bacilli, relying exclusively on these two enzymes. Although mechanistic details of these newly discovered components are not fully resolved, the occurrence of fusion proteins, alternate arrangements of biosynthetic components, and loss of biosynthetic branches provide examples of biosynthetic diversity to retain a conserved tRNA modification in Nature.IMPORTANCEThe xnm⁵s²U modifications found in several tRNAs at the wobble base position are widespread in bacteria where they have an important role in decoding efficiency and accuracy. This work identifies a novel enzyme (MnmL) that is a member of a subgroup of the very versatile radical SAM superfamily and is involved in the synthesis of mnm⁵s²U in several Gram-positive bacteria, including human pathogens. This is another novel example of a non-orthologous displacement in the field of tRNA modification synthesis, showing how different solutions evolve to retain U34 tRNA modifications. 

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4. Revisiting Second Graders’ Robotics with an Understand/Use-Modify-Create (U²MC) Strategy

   https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/5772  

   Baek, Youngkyun; Wang, Sasha; Yang, Dazhi; Ching, Yu-Hui; Swanson, Steve; Chittoori, Bhaskar (January 2019, European Journal of STEM Education)
5. CANNON: C ommunication- A ware Sparse N eural N etwork O ptimizatio n

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2023.3289778  

   Goksoy, A. Alper; Li, Guihong; Mandal, Sumit K.; Ogras, Umit Y.; Marculescu, Radu (January 2023, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing)

   Sparse deep neural networks (DNNs) have the potential to deliver compelling performance and energy efficiency without significant accuracy loss. However, their benefits can quickly diminish if their training is oblivious to the target hardware. For example, fewer critical connections can have a significant overhead if they translate into long-distance communication on the target hardware. Therefore, hardware-aware sparse training is needed to leverage the full potential of sparse DNNs. To this end, we propose a novel and comprehensive communication-aware sparse DNN optimization framework for tile-based in-memory computing (IMC) architectures. The proposed technique, CANNON first maps the DNN layers onto the tiles of the target architecture. Then, it replaces the fully connected and convolutional layers with communication-aware sparse connections. After that, CANNON optimizes the communication cost with minimal impact on the DNN accuracy. Extensive experimental evaluations with a wide range of DNNs and datasets show up to 3.0× lower communication energy, 3.1× lower communication latency, and 6.8× lower energy-delay product compared to state-of-the-art pruning approaches with a negligible impact on the classification accuracy on IMC-based machine learning accelerators. 

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