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This work is motivated by an article by Wang, Casati, and Prosen[Phys. Rev. E vol. 89, 042918 (2014)] devoted to a study of ergodicityin two-dimensional irrational right-triangular billiards. Numericalresults presented there suggest that these billiards are generally notergodic. However, they become ergodic when the billiard angle is equalto \pi/2 π / 2 times a Liouvillian irrational, morally a class of irrational numberswhich are well approximated by rationals. In particular, Wang etal. study a special integer counter that reflects the irrationalcontribution to the velocity orientation; they conjecture that thiscounter is localized in the generic case, but grows in the Liouvilliancase. We propose a generalization of the Wang-Casati-Prosen counter:this generalization allows to include rational billiards intoconsideration. We show that in the case of a 45°\!\!:\!45°\!\!:\!90° 45 ° : 45 ° : 90 ° billiard, the counter grows indefinitely, consistent with theLiouvillian scenario suggested by Wang et al.
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The Dynamics of Digits: Calculating Pi with Galperin’s Billiards
In Galperin billiards, two balls colliding with a hard wall form an analog calculator for the digits of the number π . This classical, one-dimensional three-body system (counting the hard wall) calculates the digits of π in a base determined by the ratio of the masses of the two particles. This base can be any integer, but it can also be an irrational number, or even the base can be π itself. This article reviews previous results for Galperin billiards and then pushes these results farther. We provide a complete explicit solution for the balls’ positions and velocities as a function of the collision number and time. We demonstrate that Galperin billiard can be mapped onto a two-particle Calogero-type model. We identify a second dynamical invariant for any mass ratio that provides integrability for the system, and for a sequence of specific mass ratios we identify a third dynamical invariant that establishes superintegrability. Integrability allows us to derive some new exact results for trajectories, and we apply these solutions to analyze the systematic errors that occur in calculating the digits of π with Galperin billiards, including curious cases with irrational number bases.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1912542
- PAR ID:
- 10158998
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Mathematics
- Volume:
- 8
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 2227-7390
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 509
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/math8040509
