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   3D Printing (3DP), also known as Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the latest production technology. Its popularity in fabricating functional parts in all fields is growing day by day. The range of 3D printed products is limitless, including glass frames to hearing aids. It is thus important to train educators and students regarding this cutting-edge technology so that they become familiar with the functionality and implementation of it in several courses, laboratories, and projects. This paper reports several novel developments which have been implemented in the past few years, including details of these unique practices and feedback received from the educators and students. 

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5. Direct Printing of High-Resolution Metallic Three-Dimensional Microneedle Arrays Via Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing

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   Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) microneedle arrays (MAs) have shown remarkable performances for a wide range of biomedical applications. Achieving advanced customizable 3D MAs for personalized research and treatment remain a formidable challenge. In this paper, we have developed a high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 3D printing process for fabricating customizable 3D MAs with economical and biocompatible molten alloy. The critical printing parameters (i.e., voltage and pressure) on the printing process for both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D features are characterized, and an optimal set of printing parameters was obtained for printing 3D MAs. We have also studied the effect of the tip-nozzle separation speed on the final tip dimension, which will directly influence MAs' insertion performance and functions. With the optimal process parameters, we successfully EHD printed customizable 3D MAs with varying spacing distances and shank heights. A 3 × 3 customized 3D MAs configuration with various heights ranging from 0.8 mm to 1 mm and a spacing distance as small as 350 μm were successfully fabricated, in which the diameter of each individual microneedle was as small as 100 μm. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the printed 3D MAs. The experimental results demonstrated that the printed 3D MAs exhibit good mechanical strength for implanting and good electrical properties for electrophysiological sensing and stimulation. All results show the potential applications of the EHD printing technique in fabricating cost-effective, customizable, high-performance MAs for biomedical applications. 

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