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1. Characterization of Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes for use in the CLAS12 RICH detector

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167446  

   Degtiarenko, P. ; Kim, A. ; Kubarovsky, V. ; Raydo, B. ; Smith, A. ; Benmokhtar, F. ( December 2022 , Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment)

   We present results of the detailed study of several hundred Hamamatsu H12700 Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes (MaPMTs), characterizing their response to the Cherenkov light photons in the second Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector, a part of the CLAS12 upgrade at Jefferson Lab. The total number of pixels studied was 25536. The single photoelectron spectra were measured for each pixel at different high voltages and light intensities of the laser test setup. Using the same dedicated front-end electronics as in the first RICH detector, the setup allowed us to characterize each pixel’s properties such as gain, quantum efficiency, signal crosstalk between neighboring pixels, and determine the signal threshold values to optimize their efficiency to detect Cherenkov photons. A recently published state-of-the-art mathematical model, describing photon detector response functions measured in low light conditions, was extended to include the description of the crosstalk contributions to the spectra. The database of extracted parameters will be used for the final selection of the MaPMTs, their arrangement in the new RICH detector, and the optimization of the operational settings of the front-end electronics. The results show that the characteristics of the H12700 MaPMTs satisfy our requirements for the position-sensitive single photoelectron detectors. 

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2. Performance of the ReD TPC, a novel double-phase LAr detector with silicon photomultiplier readout

   https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09801-6  

   Agnes, P. ; Albergo, S. ; Albuquerque, I. ; Arba, M. ; Ave, M. ; Boiano, A. ; Bonivento, W. M. ; Bottino, B. ; Bussino, S. ; Cadeddu, M. ; et al ( November 2021 , The European Physical Journal C)

   Abstract A double-phase argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC), with an active mass of 185 g, has been designed and constructed for the Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment. The aim of the ReD project is to investigate the directional sensitivity of argon-based TPCs via columnar recombination to nuclear recoils in the energy range of interest (20– $$200\,\hbox {keV}_{nr}$$ 200 keV nr ) for direct dark matter searches. The key novel feature of the ReD TPC is a readout system based on cryogenic Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), which are employed and operated continuously for the first time in an argon TPC. Over the course of 6 months, the ReD TPC was commissioned and characterised under various operating conditions using $$\gamma $$ γ -ray and neutron sources, demonstrating remarkable stability of the optical sensors and reproducibility of the results. The scintillation gain and ionisation amplification of the TPC were measured to be $$g_1 = (0.194 \pm 0.013)$$ g 1 = ( 0.194 ± 0.013 ) photoelectrons/photon and $$g_2 = (20.0 \pm 0.9)$$ g 2 = ( 20.0 ± 0.9 ) photoelectrons/electron, respectively. The ratio of the ionisation to scintillation signals (S2/S1), instrumental for the positive identification of a candidate directional signal induced by WIMPs, has been investigated for both nuclear and electron recoils. At a drift field of 183 V/cm, an S2/S1 dispersion of 12% was measured for nuclear recoils of approximately 60– $$90\,\hbox {keV}_{nr}$$ 90 keV nr , as compared to 18% for electron recoils depositing 60 keV of energy. The detector performance reported here meets the requirements needed to achieve the principal scientific goals of the ReD experiment in the search for a directional effect due to columnar recombination. A phenomenological parameterisation of the recombination probability in LAr is presented and employed for modeling the dependence of scintillation quenching and charge yield on the drift field for electron recoils between 50–500 keV and fields up to 1000 V/cm. 

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3. Practical considerations in modeling the low light response of photomultiplier tubes in large batch testing

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.03.001  

   Coquelin, D. ; Jobin, T. ; Kemmerer, W. ; Maxwell, P. ; Merten, S. ; Moller, E. ; Morris, W. ; Niculescu, G. ; Niculescu, I. ; Shaver, W. ( June 2019 , Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment)
4. Study of silicon photomultiplier performance in external electric fields

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/09/T09006  

   Sun, X.L. ; Tolba, T. ; Cao, G.F. ; Lv, P. ; Wen, L.J. ; Odian, A. ; Vachon, F. ; Alamre, A. ; Albert, J.B. ; Anton, G. ; et al ( September 2018 , Journal of Instrumentation)
5. Design, upgrade and characterization of the silicon photomultiplier front-end for the AMIGA detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/01/P01026  

   Aab, A. ; Abreu, P. ; Aglietta, M. ; Albury, J.M. ; Allekotte, I. ; Almela, A. ; Alvarez-Muñiz, J. ; Batista, R. Alves ; Anastasi, G.A. ; Anchordoqui, L. ; et al ( January 2021 , Journal of Instrumentation)

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