Goals

 Physically based for all types of surfaces (sea-ice, snow, vegetation, frozen ground)

 Closing energy budget at all space-time scales  Reducing model inputs and parameters  Using remote sensing data.

• Model Formulation with Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) Theory yr -1 ) attributed to the increase of surface radiation energy and humidity.

• The trends of sensible heat flux are positive globally but statistically insignificant (0.18 ± 0.18 W m -2 yr -1 ).

• The ground heat flux over continents has positive trend (0.21 ± 0.16 W m -2 yr -1 ) during the model period driven by increase of surface radiation.

• The surplus surface radiation energy is mostly used to increase evapotranspiration.

• The sensible heat flux and surface temperature have opposite trends.