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1. Scalability Analysis of Blockchain on a Serverless Cloud

   https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData47090.2019.9005529  

   Kaplunovich, Alex; Joshi, Karuna P.; Yesha, Yelena (December 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data))

   null (Ed.)

   While adopting Blockchain technologies to automate their enterprise functionality, organizations are recognizing the challenges of scalability and manual configuration that the state of art present. Scalability of Hyperledger Fabric is an open challenge recognized by the research community. We have automated many of the configuration steps of installing Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain on AWS infrastructure and have benchmarked the scalability of that system. We have used the UCR (University of California Riverside) Time Series Archive with 128 timeseries datasets containing over 191,177 rows of data totaling 76,453,742 numbers. Using an automated Serverless approach, we have loaded this dataset, by chunks, into different AWS instances, triggering the load by SQS messaging. In this paper, we present the results of this benchmarking study and describe the approach we took to automate the Hyperledger Fabric processes using serverless Lambda functions and SQS triggering. We will also discuss what is needed to make the Blockchain technology more robust and scalable. 

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2. GrAC: Graph-Based Anonymous Credentials from Identity Graphs on Blockchain

   https://doi.org/10.1109/Blockchain62396.2024.00024  

   Tang, Wenyi; Mukherjee, Shankha Shubhra; Park, Seongho; Chenli, Changhao; Oh, Hyunok; Kim, Jihye; Jung, Taeho (August 2024, IEEE)

   With the growing need for privacy and self-sovereign identity, traditional identity management relying on centralized data registries not only represents single points of failure but also lacks transparency and control over users’ identity information. With the built-in tamper-proofness and transparency, blockchain has been widely studied to accommodate the challenges in traditional identity management. Still, it usually comes with privacy concerns due to its public accessibility. Anonymous credentials take advantage of the recent progress in zero-knowledge proof, allowing the unlinkable presentation of only the necessary attributes for a service to guarantee anonymity. However, the existing anonymous credentials require a secondary issuer to verify and manage the anonymized credentials, which compromises the overall transparency and causes indirect management of the user’s identity. In this paper, we propose GrAC, a blockchain-based identity management system based on a novel identity graph, which allows users and identity providers to securely store and manage identity information on the blockchain without intermediate entities. GrAC also includes an anonymous authentication protocol suite based on zero-knowledge proof, allowing users to generate one-time anonymous credentials that selectively reveal minimal information to the service provider for authentication. The analysis and evaluations show that GrAC has a reasonable overhead and provides adequate anonymity protection while removing the need for intermediate issuers. 

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3. Performance Modeling of Hyperledger Sawtooth Blockchain

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ISI.2019.8823238  

   Ampel, Ben; Patton, Mark; Chen, Hsinchun (July 2019, 2019 IEEE Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics)

   With the rapid development of blockchain plat-forms, it is important that different implementations are tested and analyzed for comparative purposes. One such implementation is Hyperledger Sawtooth, a new member of the Hyperledger family. Sawtooth blockchain is a per-missioned implementation developed in part by Intel. While research has been done on Hyperledger Fabric, re-search on Sawtooth is not well documented. Using the Hy-perledger Caliper benchmarking tool, we aim to test the performance of the blockchain and identify potential issues. 

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4. A Collaborative Enforcement Mechanism for Spectrum Sharing Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts: An application for the 1695-1710MHz band

   Bustamante, Pedro J; Gomez, Marcela M.; Weiss, Martin BH; Znati, Taieb; Das, Debarun; Rose, J. Stephanie (September 2019, Telecommunications Policy Research Conference)

   Traditionally, spectrum allocation has been governed by centralized schemes (e.g., command-and-control). Nonetheless, other mechanisms, such as collaborative enforcement, have proven to be successful in a variety of scenarios. In Collaborative enforcement (i.e., collective action), the stakeholders agree on decision-making arrangements (i.e., access, allocation, and control of the resources) while being involved in monitoring the adherence to the rules as a shared effort. Blockchain is a distributed ledger of records/transactions (i.e., database) that brings many benefits such as decentralization, transparency, immutability, etc. One of the most notable characteristics of blockchain-based platforms is their definition as trust-less environments, as there is no central entity in charge of controlling the network interactions. Instead, trust is a group effort, achieved through repeated interactions, consensus algorithms, and cryptographic tools; therefore, converting blockchain systems into examples of collaborative governance regimes. In this paper, our goal is to analyze a particular application of blockchain and smart contracts for the 1695-1710MHz sharing scenario. In this way, we provide a theoretical analysis of the feasibility and the required characteristics to implement such a system. In addition, through the implementation of a Proof of Concept, we explore how the implementation of a blockchainbased organization can be the motor to build a collaborative governance scheme in the spectrum sharing arrangement of the 1695-1710MHz band 

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5. Dependable Public Ledger for Policy Compliance, a Blockchain Based Approach

   Wu, Zhou; Williams, Andrew; Perouli, Debbie (July 2019, 39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2019))

   The ever increasing amount of personal data accumulated by companies offering innovative services through the cloud, Internet of Things devices and, more recently, social robots has started to alert consumers and legislative authorities. In the advent of the first modern laws trying to protect user privacy, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, it is still unclear what are the tools and techniques that the industry should employ to comply with regulations in a transparent and cost effective manner. We propose an architecture for a public blockchain based ledger that can provide strong evidence of policy compliance. To address scalability concerns, we define a new type of off-chain channel that is based on general state channels and offers verification for information external to the blockchain. We also create a model of the business relationships in a smart home setup that includes a social robot and suggest a sticky policy mechanism to monitor cross-boundary policy compliance. 

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