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1. Mechanical Mechanisms of Chromosome Segregation

   https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020465  

   Anjur-Dietrich, Maya I.; Kelleher, Colm P.; Needleman, Daniel J. (February 2021, Cells)

   Chromosome segregation—the partitioning of genetic material into two daughter cells—is one of the most crucial processes in cell division. In all Eukaryotes, chromosome segregation is driven by the spindle, a microtubule-based, self-organizing subcellular structure. Extensive research performed over the past 150 years has identified numerous commonalities and contrasts between spindles in different systems. In this review, we use simple coarse-grained models to organize and integrate previous studies of chromosome segregation. We discuss sites of force generation in spindles and fundamental mechanical principles that any understanding of chromosome segregation must be based upon. We argue that conserved sites of force generation may interact differently in different spindles, leading to distinct mechanical mechanisms of chromosome segregation. We suggest experiments to determine which mechanical mechanism is operative in a particular spindle under study. Finally, we propose that combining biophysical experiments, coarse-grained theories, and evolutionary genetics will be a productive approach to enhance our understanding of chromosome segregation in the future. 

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2. Chromosome–nuclear envelope attachments affect interphase chromosome territories and entanglement

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-018-0173-5  

   Kinney, Nicholas Allen; Sharakhov, Igor V.; Onufriev, Alexey V. (December 2018, Epigenetics & Chromatin)
3. Moving and stopping: Regulation of chromosome movement to promote meiotic chromosome pairing and synapsis

   https://doi.org/10.1080/19491034.2017.1358329  

   Alleva, Benjamin; Smolikove, Sarit (September 2017, Nucleus)
4. Ancient polyploidy and low rate of chromosome loss explain the high chromosome numbers of homosporous ferns

   https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.23.614530  

   Li, Zheng; Kinosian, Sylvia P; Zhan, Shing H; Barker, M S (September 2024, bioRxiv)

   A longstanding question in plant evolution is why ferns have many more chromosomes than angiosperms. The leading hypothesis proposes that ferns have ancient polyploidy without chromosome loss or gene deletion to explain the high chromosome numbers of ferns. Here, we test this hypothesis by estimating ancient polyploidy frequency, chromosome evolution, protein evolution in meiosis genes, and patterns of gene retention in ferns. We found similar rates of paleopolyploidy in ferns and angiosperms from independent phylogenomic and chromosome number evolution analyses, but lower rates of chromosome loss in ferns. We found elevated evolutionary rates in meiosis genes in angiosperms, but not in ferns. Finally, we found some evidence of parallel and biased gene retention in ferns, but this was comparatively weak to patterns in angiosperms. This work provides genomic evidence supporting a decades-old hypothesis on fern genome evolution and provides a foundation for future work on plant genome structure. 

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5. Model of Chromosome Replication Gets Upgraded

   https://doi.org/10.1103/Physics.16.143  

   Mugler, Andrew (August 2023, Physics)