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1. Genetic voltage indicators

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0682-0  

   Bando, Yuki; Grimm, Christiane; Cornejo, Victor H; Yuste, Rafael (December 2019, BMC Biology)
2. Probabilistic Voltage Sensitivity based Preemptive Voltage Monitoring in Unbalanced Distribution Networks

   https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS50074.2021.9449792  

   Abujubbeh, Mohammad; Munikoti, Sai; Natarajan, Balasubramaniam (April 2021, 2020 52nd North American Power Symposium (NAPS))
3. Photophysics-informed two-photon voltage imaging using FRET-opsin voltage indicators

   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp5763  

   Brooks, F Phil; Gong, Daozheng; Davis, Hunter C; Park, Pojeong; Qi, Yitong; Cohen, Adam E (January 2025, Science Advances)

   Microbial rhodopsin–derived genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are powerful tools for mapping bioelectrical dynamics in cell culture and in live animals. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)–opsin GEVIs use voltage-dependent quenching of an attached fluorophore, achieving high brightness, speed, and voltage sensitivity. However, the voltage sensitivity of most FRET-opsin GEVIs has been reported to decrease or vanish under two-photon (2P) excitation. Here, we investigated the photophysics of the FRET-opsin GEVIs Voltron1 and Voltron2. We found that the previously reported negative-going voltage sensitivities of both GEVIs came from photocycle intermediates, not from the opsin ground states. The voltage sensitivities of both GEVIs were nonlinear functions of illumination intensity; for Voltron1, the sensitivity reversed the sign under low-intensity illumination. Using photocycle-optimized 2P illumination protocols, we demonstrate 2P voltage imaging with Voltron2 in the barrel cortex of a live mouse. These results open the door to high-speed 2P voltage imaging of FRET-opsin GEVIs in vivo. 

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4. Bioinspired bio-voltage memristors

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15759-y  

   Fu, T; Liu, X; Gao, H; Ward, J. E; Liu, X; Yin, B; Wang, Z; Zhuo, Y; Walker, D; Yang, J. J; et al (April 2020, Nature communications)

   null (Ed.)

   Memristive devices are promising candidates to emulate biological computing. However, the typical switching voltages (0.2-2 V) in previously described devices are much higher than the amplitude in biological counterparts. Here we demonstrate a type of diffusive memristor, fabricated from the protein nanowires harvested from the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens, that functions at the biological voltages of 40-100 mV. Memristive function at biological voltages is possible because the protein nanowires catalyze metallization. Artificial neurons built from these memristors not only function at biological action potentials (e.g., 100 mV, 1 ms) but also exhibit temporal integration close to that in biological neurons. The potential of using the memristor to directly process biosensing signals is also demonstrated. 

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5. Recent progress in bio-voltage memristors working with ultralow voltage of biological amplitude

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NR06773K  

   Fu, Tianda; Fu, Shuai; Yao, Jun (March 2023, Nanoscale)

   Neuromorphic systems built from memristors that emulate bioelectrical information processing in a brain may overcome limits in traditional computing architectures. However, functional emulation alone may still not attain all the merits of bio-computation, which uses action potentials of 50-120 mV at least 10-time lower than signal amplitude in conventional electronics to achieve extraordinary power efficiency and effective functional integration. Reducing the functional voltage in memristors to this biological amplitude thus can advance neuromorphic engineering and bio-emulated integration. This review aims to provide a timely update on the effort and progress in this burgeoning direction, covering aspects in device material composition, performance, working mechanism, and potential application. 

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