This high-resolution (1 meter) raster represents road surface area for streets (including alleys) in the seven-county Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan area. Minnesota roads data contributing to this layer is compiled from several state and county agencies and accessed through the Minnesota Geospatial Commons. The Minnesota Transportation Department (MNDOT) Lane Information dataset was spatially joined with MNDOT centerlines from 2012 in order to link the Transportation Information System (TIS) ID codes for road segments with the lane information on number of through transit lanes and width of lanes. The resulting layer was then joined on the TIS code attribute with the Geospatial Advisory Council Schema road centerlines shapefile from MetroGIS. To avoid a many-to-one join, MNDOT road segments were grouped by their TIS code and the average lane width and number were summarized to make the layer compatible with the MetroGIS centerlines shapefile. Once the centerline route segment IDs were linked to the MNDOT transit lane information, the centerlines were buffered based on their average width attribute, multiplied by the number of lanes. Alleys were identified and assigned a width of 5 meters based on typical alley width measurements using satellite imagery. Due to transportation identification system scope, confidence in accuracy of private road surface area is diminished. The resulting buffered road segment vectors were rasterized and cropped to the seven-county metro area (Hennepin, Ramsey, Anoka, Washington, Dakota, Scott, and Carver County).
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Mitigating Inter-Area Oscillations Using Adaptive Wide-Area Damping Controller Based on Measurement-Driven Model: Case Studies on Realistic Grid Models and Actual Events
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The scaling relationship observed between species richness and the geographical area sampled (i.e. the species-area relationship (SAR)) is a widely recognized macroecological relationship. Recently, this theory has been extended to trophic interactions, suggesting that geographical area may influence the structure of species interaction networks (i.e. network-area relationships (NARs)). Here, we use a global dataset of host–helminth parasite interactions to test existing predictions from macroecological theory. Scaling between single locations to the global host–helminth network by sequentially adding networks together, we find support that geographical area influences species richness and the number of species interactions in host–helminth networks. However, species-area slopes were larger for host species relative to their helminth parasites, counter to theoretical predictions. Lastly, host–helminth network modularity—capturing the tendency of the network to form into separate subcommunities—decreased with increasing area, also counter to theoretical predictions. Reconciling this disconnect between existing theory and observed SAR and NAR will provide insight into the spatial structuring of ecological networks, and help to refine theory to highlight the effects of network type, species distributional overlap, and the specificity of trophic interactions on NARs.more » « less
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Arctic landscapes are in a state of transition due to changes in climate occurring during both the summer and winter seasons. Scattered observations indicate that beavers (Castor canadensis) have moved from the forest into tundra areas during the last 20 years, likely in response to broader physical and ecosystem changes occurring in Arctic and Boreal regions. The implications of beaver inhabitation in the Arctic and Boreal are unique relative to other ecosystems due to the presence of permafrost and its vulnerability associated with beaver dams and inundation. Our study specifically examines the role of beavers in controlling surface water dynamics and related thermokarst development in low Arctic tundra regions. We mapped the number of beaver dams visible in sub-meter resolution satellite images acquired between 2002 and 2019 for a 100 square kilometer study area (12 years of imagery) near Kotzebue, Alaska and a 430 square kilometer study area (3 years of imagery) encompassing the entire northern Baldwin Peninsula, Alaska. We show that during the last two decades beaver-driven ecosystem engineering is responsible for the majority of surface water area changes and inferred thermokarst development in the study area. This has implications for interpreting surface water area changes and thermokarst dynamics in other Arctic and Boreal regions that may also result from beaver dam building activities. This geospatial dataset provides polygon vector files representing surface water area in a 100 square kilometer study area located near Kotzebue, Alaska. Surface water area maps were created using sub-meter resolution satellite imagery for the years 2002, 2007-2014, and 2017-2019. Image selection focused on cloud-free, ice-free, and calm surface water conditions with images being acquired between late-June and mid-August in a given year. All images were resampled to a spatial resolution of 70 centimeter to match the lowest resolution image in the time series prior to analysis. Within year image dates range from 25 June to 22 August with the average date of image acquisition being 17 July (table 1). Object-based image analysis was conducted in eCognition Essentials 1.3.more » « less
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