Life history and socioecological factors have been linked to species‐specific patterns of growth across female vertebrates. For example, greater maternal investment in offspring has been associated with more discrete periods of growth and reproduction. However, in primates it has been difficult to test such hypotheses because very few studies have obtained growth measurements from wild populations. Here we utilize a promising noninvasive photogrammetric method—parallel lasers—to examine shoulder‐rump (SR) growth in a wild primate, the gelada (
Human language represents an extreme form of communicative complexity. Primate facial display complexity, which depends upon facial mobility, can be used as a model for the study of the evolution of communicative complexity. The gelada (
We reviewed videos of gelada social interactions. We utilized the facial action coding system (FACS) to define structural component action units (AUs) of each display. We inferred display motivation from the behaviors of the display sender.
The lip‐flip was used only in combination with the essential AUs of the bared‐teeth display, serving as an optional structural element added to produce a structural variant. Both the bared‐teeth display with and without a lip‐flip occurred most frequently with nonaggressive, submissive behaviors. The lip‐flip was more frequently preceded by approach than the bared‐teeth display, especially in males. The lip‐flip was also present in the majority of structurally blended facial displays though the motivation of the non‐lip‐flip parent display often dominated.
The lip‐flip may potentially function as an indicator of benign intent after an approach or as an intensifying component of nonaggressive intent. Adaptations to increase facial mobility in geladas via facilitating the lip‐flip may promote increased communicative complexity through increased conspicuousness and motivational signaling specification or intensification.
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10457480
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Volume:
- 172
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0002-9483
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 280-290
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Theropithecus gelada , Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia). In this species, a graminivorous diet coupled with high extrinsic infant mortality risk suggests that maternal investment in neonates is low. Therefore, in contrast with other closely related papionins, we expected female geladas to exhibit less discrete periods of growth and reproduction. For both sexes, we compared size‐for‐age patterns (N = 154 females;N = 110 males) and changes in growth velocity relative to major life history milestones. Female geladas finished 88.5% of SR growth by first sexual swelling, and 97.2% by first reproduction, reaching adult body size by 7.72 years of age. Compared to closely related papionins, gelada females finished more growth by first reproduction, despite producing relatively small, and presumably “cheap,” neonates. Male geladas finished 85.4% of growth at dispersal, and 96.0% at estimated first birth. Contrary to other polygynous primates, males are larger than females because they grow for a longer period of time (not because they grow faster), surpassing females around 6 years of age when female growth slows. Our results demonstrate that parallel lasers are an easy and promising new method that can be used to construct comprehensive life history perspectives that were once out of reach for wild populations. Am. J. Primatol. 78:707–719, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. -
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