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Objective, quantitative postural data is limited for individuals who are non-ambulatory, especially for those who have not yet developed trunk control for sitting. There are no gold standard measurements to monitor the emergence of upright trunk control. Quantification of intermediate levels of postural control is critically needed to improve research and intervention for these individuals. Accelerometers and video were used to record postural alignment and stability for eight children with severe cerebral palsy aged 2 to 13 years, under two conditions, seated on a bench with only pelvic support and with additional thoracic support. This study developed an algorithm to classify vertical alignment and states of upright control; Stable, Wobble, Collapse, Rise and Fall from accelerometer data. Next, a Markov chain model was created to calculate a normative score for postural state and transition for each participant with each level of support. This tool allowed quantification of behaviors previously not captured in adult-based postural sway measures. Histogram and video recordings were used to confirm the output of the algorithm. Together, this tool revealed that providing external support allowed all participants: (1) to increase their time spent in the Stable state, and (2) to reduce the frequency of transitions between states. Furthermore, all participants except one showed improved state and transition scores when given external support.
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Postural mechanisms in moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy
People with moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy (CP) have the greatest need for postural control research yet are usually excluded from research due to deficits in sitting ability. We use a support system that allows us to quantify and model postural mechanisms in nonambulatory children with CP. A continuous external bench tilt stimulus was used to evoke trunk postural responses in seven sitting children with CP (ages 2.5 to 13 yr) in several test sessions. Eight healthy adults were also included. Postural sway was analyzed with root mean square (RMS) sway and RMS sway velocity, along with frequency response functions (FRF, gain and phase) and coherence functions across two different stimulus amplitudes. A feedback model (including sensorimotor noise, passive, reflexive, and sensory integration mechanisms) was developed to hypothesize how postural control mechanisms are organized and function. Experimental results showed large RMS sway, FRF gains, and variability compared with adults. Modeling suggested that many subjects with CP adopted “simple” control with major contributions from a passive and reflexive mechanism and only a small contribution from active sensory integration. In contrast, mature trunk postural control includes major contributions from sensory integration and sensory reweighting. Relative to their body size, subjects with CP showed significantly lower damping, three to five times larger corrective torque, and much higher sensorimotor noise compared with the healthy mature system. Results are the first characterization of trunk postural responses and the first attempt at system identification in moderate-to-severe CP, an important step toward developing and evaluating more targeted interventions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor disability in children. People with moderate-to-severe CP are typically nonambulatory and have major impairments in trunk postural control. We present the first systems identification study to investigate postural responses to external stimulus in this population and hypothesize at how the atypical postural control system functions with use of a feedback model. People with moderate-to-severe CP may use a simple control system with significant sensorimotor noise.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2015660
- PAR ID:
- 10233231
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Volume:
- 125
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 0022-3077
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1698 to 1719
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00549.2020
