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1. Causes of Differences in Depiction of Convective Lines in 1-km and 3-km CM1 Simulations

   https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-23-0240.1  

   Luthi, Samuel T; Gallus, William A (January 2025, Monthly Weather Review)

   Abstract Previous research has shown that 3-km horizontal grid spacing simulations depicting clusters of cells often change to showing linear structures when grid spacing is refined to 1 km. This increase in linear structures at finer horizontal grid spacings may be due simply to the resolving of stronger vertical motion along the leading edge of the MCS cold pool resulting in more continuous zones of convection in higher-resolution runs. However, prior work has suggested that the cold pools themselves are stronger with finer grid spacing, enhancing lift to grow linear morphologies faster. In the present study, Cloud Model 1 was used to simulate an array of MCSs with varying wind profiles and a constant thermodynamic profile (Weisman–Klemp analytic sounding) at both 1- and 3-km horizontal grid spacings and with 50 and 100 vertical levels. A line of seven randomly spaced warm bubbles was used to initiate convection. In 1-km Δxsimulations, gravity waves dominated in initiating new convection for growth into lines, and the ascent associated with them was much greater than in 3-km runs. Upscale growth into lines in 3-km Δxsimulations was driven more by ascent caused by the collision of convective cold pools. 

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2. Global variations of Earth's 520- and 560-km discontinuities

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116600  

   Tian, Dongdong; Lv, Mingda; Wei, S. Shawn; Dorfman, Susannah M.; Shearer, Peter M. (December 2020, Earth and Planetary Science Letters)

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3. KM Learning for Millimeter-Wave Beam Alignment and Tracking: Predictability and Interpretability

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3107419  

   Duan, Qiyou; Kim, Taejoon; Ghauch, Hadi (January 2021, IEEE Access)
4. The Impact on Simulated Bow Echoes of Changing Grid Spacing from 3 km to 1 km in the WRF Model

   https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-23-0192.1  

   Dodson, Dylan_J; Gallus, William_A (June 2024, Weather and Forecasting)

   Abstract Ten bow echo events were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with 3- and 1-km horizontal grid spacing with both the Morrison and Thompson microphysics schemes to determine the impact of refined grid spacing on this often poorly simulated mode of convection. Simulated and observed composite reflectivities were used to classify convective mode. Skill scores were computed to quantify model performance at predicting all modes, and a new bow echo score was created to evaluate specifically the accuracy of bow echo forecasts. The full morphology score for runs using the Thompson scheme was noticeably improved by refined grid spacing, while the skill of Morrison runs did not change appreciably. However, bow echo scores for runs using both schemes improved when grid spacing was refined, with Thompson runs improving most significantly. Additionally, near storm environments were analyzed to understand why the simulated bow echoes changed as grid spacing was changed. A relationship existed between bow echo production and cold pool strength, as well as with the magnitude of microphysical cooling rates. More numerous updrafts were present in 1-km runs, leading to longer intense lines of convection which were more likely to evolve into longer-lived bow echoes in more cases. Large-scale features, such as a low-level jet orientation more perpendicular to the convective line and surface boundaries, often had to be present for bow echoes to occur in the 3-km runs. 

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5. Towards Entanglement Swapping over 250 km of Deployed Fiber

   Wallace, Chase; Lodhen, Tsering; Castillo_Veneros, Leonardo; Del_Valle, Anthony; Du, Dounan; Woronick, Samuel; Katramatos, Dimitrios; Martinez-Rincon, Julian; Gera, Sonali; Figueroa, Eden (June 2025, Optica Publishing Group)

   We report our progress towards performing entanglement swapping using deployed fiber in a five-node 259 km network testbed connecting Long Island and New York City. 

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