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Laboratory investigations have provided important insight into the functional underpinnings of primate locomotor performance; however, it is unclear to what extent gait patterns in the laboratory reflect those of primates moving in natural settings. We filmed quadrupedal loco-motor activity in eight platyrrhine species at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador, and three additional platyrrhine species at La Suerte Biological Field Station, Costa Rica, and also quantified the diameter and orientation of locomotor substrates using remote sensors (N = 1,233 strides). We compared overall arboreal quadrupedal gait kinematic patterns in free-ranging individuals to those of laboratory platyrrhine congenerics. As expected, gait kinematics of free-ranging individuals were more variable than laboratory counterparts. Within the free-ranging dataset, Ateles and Alouatta increased limb phase on inclines (p=0.04; p=0.002, respectively), Lagothrix increased duty factors on inclines (p=0.002), Cebus increased duty factors on declines (p=0.02), and both Saimiri and Saguinus displayed an inverse relationship between limb phase and substrate diameter (p=0.05; p=0.03, respectively). This study confirms the preference for diagonal sequence gaits in free-ranging primates (i.e., 87.9% of all recorded symmetrical strides) and that in both settings primates tend to adjust gait patterns to promote security through longer contact times on non-horizontal substrates and increased limb phase on inclined substrates. We show that laboratory and field investigations of primate locomotion yield consistent patterns but that field studies can capture additional aspects of gait variability and flexibility in response to the increased substrate complexity of natural environments.
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The effects of natural substrate discontinuities on the quadrupedal gait kinematics of free‐ranging Saimiri sciureus
Abstract Wild primates encounter complex matrices of substrates that differ in size, orientation, height, and compliance, and often move on multiple, discontinuous substrates within a single bout of locomotion. Our current understanding of primate gait is limited by artificial laboratory settings in which primate quadrupedal gait has primarily been studied. This study analyzes wildSaimiri sciureus(common squirrel monkey) gait on discontinuous substrates to capture the realistic effects of the complex arboreal habitat on walking kinematics. We collected high‐speed video footage at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador between August and October 2017. Overall, the squirrel monkeys used more asymmetrical walking gaits than symmetrical gaits, and specifically asymmetrical lateral sequence walking gaits when moving across discontinuous substrates. When individuals used symmetrical gaits, they used diagonal sequence gaits more than lateral sequence gaits. In addition, individuals were more likely to change their footfall sequence during strides on discontinuous substrates. Squirrel monkeys increased the time lag between touchdowns both of ipsilaterally paired limbs (pair lag) and of the paired forelimbs (forelimb lag) when walking across discontinuous substrates compared to continuous substrates. Results indicate that gait flexibility and the ability to alter footfall patterns during quadrupedal walking may be critical for primates to safely move in their complex arboreal habitats. Notably, wild squirrel monkey quadrupedalism is diverse and flexible with high proportions of asymmetrical walking. Studying kinematics in the wild is critical for understanding the complexity of primate quadrupedalism.
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- PAR ID:
- 10237008
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- American Journal of Primatology
- Volume:
- 81
- Issue:
- 9
- ISSN:
- 0275-2565
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Primates' near exclusive use of diagonal sequence gaits has been hypothesized to enhance stability on arboreal substrates. To assess how primate gait kinematics vary in complex arboreal environments, we filmed eight species of free-ranging primates (Ateles, Lagothrix, Alouatta, Pithecia, Callicebus, Saimiri, Saguinus, and Cebuella) at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador, and quantified the diameter and orientation of locomotor substrates using remote sensors (n = 858 strides). Five of the species used primarily diagonal sequence, diagonal couplet (DSDC) gaits. Callicebus frequently used lateral sequence gaits (i.e., ~50% of strides). Saguinus and Cebuella most frequently used asymmetrical gaits. We examined the effects of substrate diameter and orientation on duty factor and interlimb phasing, controlling for speed via ANCOVA. Ateles increased limb phase on inclines (p=0.04), Lagothrix had greater duty factors on inclines (p=0.002), Callicebus exhibited greater duty factors (p=0.04) and lower limb phase values on declines (p=0.001), and both Saimiri and Saguinus displayed an inverse relationship between limb phase and substrate diameter (p=0.05, p=0.03, respectively). This study confirms the ubiquity of diagonal sequence gaits in free-ranging primates and at least partially supports predicted biomechanical adjustments to promote stability including: increased duty factor on nonhorizontal substrates, increased limb phase on inclines, and decreased limb phase on declines. Other species-specific kinematic adjustments to substrate variation are likely related to body size and ecological variation but require further investigation.more » « less
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