CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is effective in manipulating genetic loci in mammalian cell cultures and whole fish but efficient platforms applicable to fish cell lines are currently limited. Our initial attempts to employ this technology in fish cell lines using heterologous promoters or a ribonucleoprotein approach failed to indicate genomic alteration at targeted sites in a tilapia brain cell line (OmB). For potential use in a DNA vector approach, endogenous tilapia beta Actin (OmBAct), EF1 alpha (OmEF1a), and U6 (TU6) promoters were isolated. The strongest candidate promoter determined by EGFP reporter assay, OmEF1a, was used to drive constitutive Cas9 expression in a modified OmB cell line (Cas9-OmB1). Cas9-OmB1 cell transfection with vectors expressing gRNAs driven by the TU6 promoter achieved mutational efficiencies as high as 81% following hygromycin selection. Mutations were not detected using human and zebrafish U6 promoters demonstrating the phylogenetic proximity of U6 promoters as critical when used for gRNA expression. Sequence alteration to TU6 improved mutation rate and cloning efficiency. In conclusion, we report new tools for ectopic expression and a highly efficient, economical system for manipulation of genomic loci and evaluation of their causal relationship with adaptive cellular phenotypes by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in fish cells.
CRISPR‐Cas9‐based technologies have revolutionized experimental manipulation of mammalian genomes. However, limitations regarding the delivery and efficacy of these technologies restrict their application in primary cells. This article describes a protocol for penetrant, reproducible, and fast CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing in cell cultures derived from primary cells. The protocol employs transient nucleofection of ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of chemically synthesized 2′‐
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10238055
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology
- Volume:
- 54
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 1941-7322
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Base‐editing technologies enable the introduction of point mutations at targeted genomic sites in mammalian cells, with higher efficiency and precision than traditional genome‐editing methods that use DNA double‐strand breaks, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription‐activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR‐Cas9) system. This allows the generation of single‐nucleotide‐variant isogenic cell lines (i.e., cell lines whose genomic sequences differ from each other only at a single, edited nucleotide) in a more time‐ and resource‐effective manner. These single‐nucleotide‐variant clonal cell lines represent a powerful tool with which to assess the functional role of genetic variants in a native cellular context. Base editing can therefore facilitate genotype‐to‐phenotype studies in a controlled laboratory setting, with applications in both basic research and clinical applications. Here, we provide optimized protocols (including experimental design, methods, and analyses) to design base‐editing constructs, transfect adherent cells, quantify base‐editing efficiencies in bulk, and generate single‐nucleotide‐variant clonal cell lines. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Basic Protocol 1 : Design and production of plasmids for base‐editing experimentsBasic Protocol 2 : Transfection of adherent cells and harvesting of genomic DNABasic Protocol 3 : Genotyping of harvested cells using Sanger sequencingAlternate Protocol 1 : Next‐generation sequencing to quantify base editingBasic Protocol 4 : Single‐cell isolation of base‐edited cells using FACSAlternate Protocol 2 : Single‐cell isolation of base‐edited cells using dilution platingBasic Protocol 5 : Clonal expansion to generate isogenic cell lines and genotyping of clones -
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Abstract CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing technologies have enabled complex genetic manipulations in situ, including large‐scale, pooled screening approaches to probe and uncover mechanistic insights across various biological processes. The RNA‐programmable nature of CRISPR‐Cas9 greatly empowers tiling mutagenesis approaches to elucidate molecular details of protein function, in particular the interrogation of mechanisms of resistance to small molecules, an approach termed CRISPR‐suppressor scanning. In a typical CRISPR‐suppressor scanning experiment, a pooled library of single‐guide RNAs is designed to target across the coding sequence(s) of one or more genes, enabling the Cas9 nuclease to systematically mutate the targeted proteins and generate large numbers of diverse protein variants in situ. This cellular pool of protein variants is then challenged with drug treatment to identify mutations conferring a fitness advantage. Drug‐resistance mutations identified with this approach can not only elucidate drug mechanism of action but also reveal deeper mechanistic insights into protein structure‐function relationships. In this article, we outline the framework for a standard CRISPR‐suppressor scanning experiment. Specifically, we provide instructions for the design and construction of a pooled sgRNA library, execution of a CRISPR‐suppressor scanning screen, and basic computational analysis of the resulting data. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Basic Protocol 1 : Design and generation of a pooled sgRNA librarySupport Protocol 1 : sgRNA library design using command‐line CRISPORSupport Protocol 2 : Production and titering of pooled sgRNA library lentivirusBasic Protocol 2 : Execution and analysis of a CRISPR‐suppressor scanning experiment -
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Abstract Until recently, precise genome editing has been limited to a few organisms. The ability of Cas9 to generate double stranded DNA breaks at specific genomic sites has greatly expanded molecular toolkits in many organisms and cell types. Before CRISPR‐Cas9 mediated genome editing,
P. patens was unique among plants in its ability to integrate DNA via homologous recombination. However, selection for homologous recombination events was required to obtain edited plants, limiting the types of editing that were possible. Now with CRISPR‐Cas9, molecular manipulations inP. patens have greatly expanded. This protocol describes a method to generate a variety of different genome edits. The protocol describes a streamlined method to generate the Cas9/sgRNA expression constructs, design homology templates, transform, and quickly genotype plants. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1 : Constructing the Cas9/sgRNA transient expression vectorAlternate Protocol 1 : Shortcut to generating single and pooled Cas9/sgRNA expression vectorsBasic Protocol 2 : Designing the oligonucleotide‐based homology‐directed repair (HDR) templateAlternate Protocol 2 : Designing the plasmid‐based HDR templateBasic Protocol 3 : Inducing genome editing by transforming CRISPR vector intoP. patens protoplastsBasic Protocol 4 : Identifying edited plants. -
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Abstract DNA nanostructures are a promising tool to deliver molecular payloads to cells. DNA origami structures, where long single-stranded DNA is folded into a compact nanostructure, present an attractive approach to package genes; however, effective delivery of genetic material into cell nuclei has remained a critical challenge. Here, we describe the use of DNA nanostructures encoding an intact human gene and a fluorescent protein encoding gene as compact templates for gene integration by CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR). Our design includes CRISPR–Cas9 ribonucleoprotein binding sites on DNA nanostructures to increase shuttling into the nucleus. We demonstrate efficient shuttling and genomic integration of DNA nanostructures using transfection and electroporation. These nanostructured templates display lower toxicity and higher insertion efficiency compared to unstructured double-stranded DNA templates in human primary cells. Furthermore, our study validates virus-like particles as an efficient method of DNA nanostructure delivery, opening the possibility of delivering nanostructures in vivo to specific cell types. Together, these results provide new approaches to gene delivery with DNA nanostructures and establish their use as HDR templates, exploiting both their design features and their ability to encode genetic information. This work also opens a door to translate other DNA nanodevice functions, such as biosensing, into cell nuclei.
