Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are a promising group of synthetic analogues of DNA and RNA that offer several distinct advantages over the naturally occurring nucleic acids for applications in biosensing, drug delivery, and nanoelectronics. Because of its structural differences from DNA/RNA, methods to analyze and assess the structure, conformations, and dynamics are needed. In this work, we develop synergistic techniques for the study of the PNA conformation. We use CuQ2, a Cu(II) complex with 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ), as an alternative base pair and as a spin label in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) distance methods. We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with newly developed force field parameters for the spin labels to interpret the distance constraints determined by EPR. We complement these methods by UV–vis and circular dichroism measurements and assess the efficacy of the Cu(II) label on a PNA duplex whose backbone is based on aminoethylglycine and a duplex with a hydroxymethyl backbone modification. We show that the Cu(II) label functions efficiently within the standard PNA and the hydroxymethyl-modified PNA and that the MD parameters may be used to accurately reproduce our EPR findings. Through the combination of EPR and MD, we gain new insights into the PNA structure and conformations as well as into the mechanism of orientational selectivity in Cu(II) EPR at X-band. These results present for the first time a rigid Cu(II) spin label used for EPR distance measurements in PNA and the accompanying MD force fields for the spin label. Our studies also reveal that the spin labels have a low impact on the structure of the PNA duplexes. The combined MD and EPR approach represents an important new tool for the characterization of the PNA duplex structure and provides valuable information to aid in the rational application of PNA at large.
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Delocalization-Assisted Transport through Nucleic Acids in Molecular Junctions
The flow of charge through molecules is central to the function of supramolecular machines, and charge transport in nucleic acids is implicated in molecular signaling and DNA repair.
We examine the transport of electrons through nucleic acids to understand the interplay of resonant and nonresonant charge carrier transport mechanisms. This study reports STM break
junction measurements of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) with a Gblock structure and contrasts the findings with previous results for DNA duplexes. The conductance of G-block PNA duplexes is much higher than that of the corresponding DNA duplexes of the same sequence; however, they do not display the strong even−odd dependence conductance oscillations found in G-block DNA. Theoretical analysis finds that the conductance oscillation magnitude in PNA is suppressed because of the increased level of electronic coupling interaction between G-blocks in PNA and the stronger PNA−electrode interaction compared to that in DNA duplexes. The strong interactions in the G-block PNA duplexes produce molecular conductances as high as 3% G0, where G0 is the quantum of conductance, for 5 nm duplexes.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1900078
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10253306
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Biochemistry
- Volume:
- 60
- ISSN:
- 0006-2979
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1368-1378
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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ABSTRACT Oligonucleic acids (ONAs), such as DNA and RNA, are used in various biotechnology and nanotechnology applications due to their ability to form a double helix that is stable at low temperature and melts at high temperatures. The melting temperature (
T m) of ONA duplexes can be tuned by the ONA composition, sequence, length and concentration, solvent quality, and salt concentration and by conjugation to other macromolecules. In this article, we use coarse‐grained (CG) molecular simulations to study ONAs conjugated with linear homopolymers that are relatively more solvophobic than the ONA. We study charged and stiff 8‐mer ONAs (e.g., DNA) and neutral and flexible 8‐mer ONAs (e.g., peptide nucleic acids or PNA), and vary the composition (or G‐C content) and sequence of ONA, conjugated homopolymer lengths and solvent quality for the polymer. For neutral and flexible ONAs, as the solvent quality worsens for the polymer, the ONA melting temperature increases from that of unconjugated ONA. The melting curves broaden with polymer length and worsening solvent quality, especially for ONAs with higher G‐C content. For charged and stiff ONAs, as the solvent quality worsens, the ONA melting temperature decreases compared to unconjugated ONA while the width of the melting curve remains the same. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2019 ,57 , 1196–1208 -
null (Ed.)Intercalating ds-DNA/RNA with small molecules can play an essential role in controlling the electron transmission probability for molecular electronics applications such as biosensors, single-molecule transistors, and data storage. However, its applications are limited due to a lack of understanding the nature of intercalation and electron transport mechanisms. We addressed this long-standing problem by studying the effect of intercalation on both the molecular structure and charge transport along the nucleic acids using molecular dynamics simulations and first-principle calculations coupled with Green’s function method, respectively. The study on anthraquinone and anthraquinone-neomycin conjugate intercalation into short nucleic acids reveals some universal features: 1) the intercalation affects the transmission by two mechanisms: a) inducing energy levels within the bandgap and b) shifting the location of the Fermi energy with respect to the molecular orbitals of the nucleic acid, 2) the effect of intercalation was found to be dependent on the redox state of the intercalator: while oxidized anthraquinone decreases, reduced anthraquinone increases the conductance, and 3) the sequence of intercalated nucleic acid further affects the transmission: lowering the AT-region length was found to enhance the electronic coupling of the intercalator with GC bases, hence yielding an increase of more than four times in conductance. We anticipate our study to inspire designing intercalator-nucleic acid complexes for potential use in molecular electronics via creating a multi-level gating effect.more » « less
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null (Ed.)Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a unique synthetic nucleic acid analog that has been adopted for use in many biological applications. These applications rely upon the robust Franklin–Watson–Crick base pairing provided by PNA, particularly at lower ionic strengths. However, our understanding of the relationship between the kinetics of PNA:DNA hybridization and ionic strength is incomplete. Here we measured the kinetics of association and dissociation of PNA with DNA across a range of ionic strengths and temperatures at single-molecule resolution using total internal reflection fluorescence imaging. Unlike DNA:DNA duplexes, PNA:DNA duplexes are more stable at lower ionic strength, and we demonstrate that this is due to a higher association rate. While the dissociation rate of PNA:DNA duplexes is largely insensitive to ionic strength, it is significantly lower than that of DNA:DNA duplexes having the same number and sequence of base pairing interactions. The temperature dependence of PNA:DNA kinetic rate constants indicate a significant enthalpy barrier to duplex dissociation, and to a lesser extent, duplex formation. This investigation into the kinetics of PNA:DNA hybridization provides a framework towards better understanding and design of PNA sequences for future applications.more » « less
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Abstract Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) forms a triple helix with double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) stabilized by a hydrogen‐bonding zipper formed by PNA's backbone amides (N−H) interacting with RNA phosphate oxygens. This hydrogen‐bonding pattern is enabled by the matching ∼5.7 Å spacing (typical for A‐form dsRNA) between PNA's backbone amides and RNA phosphate oxygens. We hypothesized that extending the PNA's backbone by one −CH2− group might bring the distance between PNA amide groups closer to 7 Å, which is favourable for hydrogen bonding to the B‐form dsDNA phosphate oxygens. Extension of the PNA backbone was expected to selectively stabilize PNA‐DNA triplexes compared to PNA‐RNA. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized triplex‐forming PNAs that had the pseudopeptide backbones extended by an additional −CH2− group in three different positions. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of the binding affinity of these extended PNA analogues for the matched dsDNA and dsRNA showed that, contrary to our structural reasoning, extending the PNA backbone at any position had a strong negative effect on triplex stability. Our results suggest that PNAs might have an inherent preference for A‐form‐like conformations when binding double‐stranded nucleic acids. It appears that the original six‐atom‐long PNA backbone is an almost perfect fit for binding to A‐form nucleic acids.
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org//10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00072
