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1. Transforming Student-Faculty Relationships into Social Capital in STEM: The Influence of Race and Gender

   Salazar, Cinthya; Park, Julie J.; Parikh, R. (April 2019, AERA)

   This qualitative study examines how race/ethnicity and gender influence the transformation of student-faculty relationships into valued forms of social capital for students career-related opportunities career opportunities within Science, Technology, Mathematics, and Engineering (STEM) contexts. Through retrospective interviews with 40 STEM graduates, the data revealed: (1) that experiences of racism and sexism among women of color affected their ability to attend office hours and build strong relationships with professors; (2) that while White females experienced sexism from faculty, their White privilege lessened the negative effects associated with their gender; (3) that being exposed to diverse faculty facilitated conversations between female students and students of color and their professors about their career pathways; and (4) that the negative influence of race/ethnicity and gender on student-faculty relationships was alleviated, but not eliminated, through research engagement. 

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2. Special Session: Exploring the Struggles of Diverse Engineering Students through Stories and Imagining a Future with an Inclusive Culture

   https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE43999.2019.9028705  

   Jennings, M.; Kellam, N.; Coley, B. (January 2019, Frontiers in Education)

   null (Ed.)

   "Many engineering students from marginalized populations have had negative experiences regarding their identities (race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender expression, etc.) as a result of the culture in engineering. These negative experiences may range from microaggressions regarding a person’s marginalized identity – “It’s impressive for a woman to be in engineering” – to outright discrimination, such as being called a demoralizing slur by a peer. Often associated with these experiences is a lack of support or intervention from faculty, advisors, or staff, as well as difficulty finding mentors that students can identify with. This special session aims to share authentic stories from diverse engineering students to facilitate a discussion of solutions amongst attendees." 

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3. Intersectionality Between Race and Gender in LSAMP-NSF STEM Program Mentorship

   https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--43984  

   Ackerman, Jennifer; Soto-Arzat, América (June 2023, 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition)

   Undergraduate research experiences are important for students to gain better insight into what they want. Students are paired with mentors and this can lead to both positive and negative experiences. In engineering, especially, this is a chilly climate where if you are not an abled cis white male, it is almost inevitable that you will not be part of the majority in the field. This can lead to stress, anxiety, and feelings of isolation and hopelessness in a person’s academic and career pursuits. Race and gender disparities do exist in the field, where the intersectionality between women and students of color promotes the greatest achievement gap. These students, as well as faculty, are represented least in the field. Social, as well as institutional barriers, inhibit success, and our goal is to explore how we can reduce race and gender imbalance in the field of engineering. A solution is to see the intersectionality between race and gender in these women of color in STEM. “[R]esearch must focus on illuminating women of color as political subjects and the gender, racial, class, and sexual politics that impact their lives” (Crenshaw, 1991), and focus on illuminating women of color and their experiences. We have to take seriously the insights of women of color, effectively situating their work on intersectionality as subjugated knowledge (Leslie McCall, 2005). This qualitative research is based on 33 interviews of mentors and minorities protegés within the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (LSAMP) program in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) across four different universities within a statewide university system, in the United States of America. 

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4. Inequalities in Becoming a Scholar: Race, Gender and Student-Advisor Relationships in Doctoral Education

   https://doi.org/10.1177/01614681231198648  

   Dinsmore, Brooke; Roksa, Josipa (September 2023, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education)

   Background: Extensive research has documented the importance of faculty advisors for graduate students’ experiences and outcomes. Recent research has begun to provide more nuanced accounts illuminating different dimensions of advisor support as well as attending to inequalities in students’ experiences with advisors.Purpose: We extend the research on graduate student advisor relationships in two important ways. First, building on the concept of social capital, and in particular the work on institutional agents, we illuminate specific benefits associated with student-advisor relationships. Second, we advance prior work on inequality in advisor relationships by examining students’ experiences at the intersection of race and gender. Research Design: To illuminate the nuances of graduate students’ experiences with advisors, this study included interviews with 79 students pursuing PhD’s in biological sciences. Thematic coding revealed several important dimensions of benefits associated with advisor relationships. Corresponding codes were grouped into three categories, describing three groups of students with notably different experiences with advisors. Findings: The data revealed three distinct student-advisor relationship profiles which we term scholars, subordinates, and marginals. The three groups had vastly different experiences with access to knowledge and resources, access to networks, and cultivation of independence. Moreover, the distribution across these three groups was highly unequal with unique patterns observed at the intersection of race and gender. White men benefited from both racial and gender privilege and were notably overrepresented in the scholars group while White women and racial/ethnic minority (REM) students were more likely to be socialized as subordinates. REM men had the least favorable experiences with the majority of them being in the marginal category, along with a substantial proportion of White and REM women. Notably, even experiences of negative relationships with advisors were gendered and raced: REM men’s negative relationships with advisors were characterized by “benign neglect” while women primarily experienced conflictual relationships Conclusion and Recommendations: The findings illuminate important consequences of student-advisor relationships and pronounced inequalities in who has access to benefits accrued through those relationships. Creating more equitable experiences will necessitate substantial attention to improving mentoring and eliminating gender and racial/ethnic inequalities in faculty support. 

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5. Toward an Understanding of the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity, Gender, First-generation Student Status, and Engineering Identity at Hispanic-serving Institutions

   Arnett, Stephanie M.; Way, Sandra M.; Ortiz, David G.; Humble, Lorissa B.B.; Martinez, Analyssa D. (July 2021, ASEE annual conference proceedings)

   This research paper investigates the relationship between race/ ethnicity, gender, first-generation college student status, and engineering identity using cross-sectional data from early-career engineering majors. Measures of engineering identity are increasingly used in models of engineering education to evaluate how identity contributes to success and persistence of engineering students. Engineering identity is generally assumed to contribute to educational success, with stronger engineering identity leading to persistence. At the same time, data clearly shows that persistence of engineering students varies by race/ethnicity and gender. Given these previous findings, we would expect to find that engineering identity will vary by race/ ethnicity, gender, and first generation status. Yet, relatively little work has quantitatively compared how engineering identity differs across racial/ ethnic groups and gender. While researchers are increasingly trying to gain a better understanding of engineering identity among Latina students, for example, the literature has not yet adequately accounted for how Latina students differ from their non-Hispanic white peers. This works seeks to address that gap in the literature with an exploration of the ways that race/ethnicity, gender, and first generation status work together to impact engineering identity among early-career engineering students at four public Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) in the Southwestern United States. We conducted surveys as part of a longitudinal study on STEM education. Data discussed here comes from baseline surveys of three cohorts of engineering students (N=475). Approximately two-thirds of the respondents were attending a traditional 4-year university while the remainder (N=159) were attending community college at the time of the survey. Approximately two-thirds of the respondents identified as Latinx, 27% identified as female, and 26.5% reported that they were first-generation college students. While expectations were that engineering identity would vary by race/ethnicity and gender, preliminary analyses of our data unexpectedly reveal no significant differences between Latinx and White students in terms of their engineering identity and no significant differences in engineering identity between male and female students. Interactions between race/ethnicity and gender were also tested and yielded no significant differences between early-career Latinx and White students in terms of their engineering identity. Finally, students who reported that they will be the first in their family to get a college degree had significantly lower engineering identity scores (=-.422; p=.001). These results lead us to conclude that first generation status at HSIs may be more important than gender and race/ ethnicity in the development of engineering identity for early career students. 

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