NGC 7538 IRS 2 is a compact H ii region and recent star formation source, with a shell morphology, lying on the border of the visible H ii region NGC 7538. We present a spectral cube of the [Ne ii] 12.8 $\mu$m emission line obtained with the TEXES spectrometer on Gemini North with velocity resolution ∼4 km s−1 and angular resolution ∼0.3 arcsec. The kinematics of the data cube show ionized gas flowing along multiple cavity walls. We have simulated the kinematics and structure of IRS 2 with a model of superimposed cavities created by outflows from embedded stars in a cloud with density gradients. Most of the cavities, including the largest that dominates IRS 2 structure, are associated with B-type stars; the outflow of the bright ionizing O star binary IRS 2a/b is small in extent and lies in a high-density clump. The IRS 2 model shows that the behaviour of an H ii region is not a matter of only the most massive star present; cloud clumpiness and activity of lower mass stars may determine the structure and kinematics.
- Award ID(s):
- 2006433
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10282645
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Volume:
- 497
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0035-8711
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1675 to 1683
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
ABSTRACT -
Abstract We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations with a 800 au resolution and radiative-transfer modeling of the inner part (
r ≈ 6000 au) of the ionized accretion flow around a compact star cluster in formation at the center of the luminous ultracompact Hii region G10.6-0.4. We modeled the flow with an ionized Keplerian disk with and without radial motions in its outer part, or with an external Ulrich envelope. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo fits to the data give total stellar massesM ⋆from 120 to 200M ⊙, with much smaller ionized-gas massesM ion-gas= 0.2–0.25M ⊙. The stellar mass is distributed within the gravitational radiusR g ≈ 1000 to 1500 au, where the ionized gas is bound. The viewing inclination angle from the face-on orientation isi = 49°–56°. Radial motions at radiir >R g converge tov r ,0≈ 8.7 km s−1, or about the speed of sound of ionized gas, indicating that this gas is marginally unbound at most. From additional constraints on the ionizing-photon rate and far-IR luminosity of the region, we conclude that the stellar cluster consists of a few massive stars withM star= 32–60M ⊙, or one star in this range of masses accompanied by a population of lower-mass stars. Any active accretion of ionized gas onto the massive (proto)stars is residual. The inferred cluster density is very large, comparable to that reported at similar scales in the Galactic center. Stellar interactions are likely to occur within the next million years. -
Abstract Massive elliptical galaxies harbor large amounts of hot gas (
T ≳ 106K) in their interstellar medium (ISM) but are typically quiescent in star formation. The jets of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) inject energy into the ISM, which offsets its radiative losses and keeps it hot. SNe Ia deposit their energy locally within the galaxy compared to the larger few ×10 kiloparsec-scale AGN jets. In this study, we perform high-resolution (5123) hydrodynamic simulations of a local (1 kpc3) density-stratified patch of the ISM of massive galaxies. We include radiative cooling and shell-averaged volume heating, as well as randomly exploding SN Ia. We study the effect of different fractions of supernova (SN) heating (with respect to the net cooling rate), different initial ISM density/entropy (which controls the growth timet tiof the thermal instability), and different degrees of stratification (which affect the freefall timet ff). We find that SNe Ia drive predominantly compressive turbulence in the ISM with a velocity dispersion ofσ v up to 40 km s−1and logarithmic density dispersion ofσ s ∼ 0.2–0.4. These fluctuations trigger multiphase condensation in regions of the ISM, where , in agreement with theoretical expectations that large density fluctuations efficiently trigger multiphase gas formation. Since the SN Ia rate is not self-adjusting, when the net cooling drops below the net heating rate, SNe Ia drive a hot wind which sweeps out most of the mass in our local model. Global simulations are required to assess the ultimate fate of this gas. -
ABSTRACT Young massive clusters (YMCs) are compact (≲1 pc), high-mass (>104 M⊙) stellar systems of significant scientific interest. Due to their rarity and rapid formation, we have very few examples of YMC progenitor gas clouds before star formation has begun. As a result, the initial conditions required for YMC formation are uncertain. We present high resolution (0.13 arcsec, ∼1000 au) ALMA observations and Mopra single-dish data, showing that Galactic Centre dust ridge ‘Cloud d’ (G0.412 + 0.052, mass = 7.6 × 104 M⊙, radius = 3.2 pc) has the potential to become an Arches-like YMC (104 M⊙, r ∼ 1 pc), but is not yet forming stars. This would mean it is the youngest known pre-star-forming massive cluster and therefore could be an ideal laboratory for studying the initial conditions of YMC formation. We find 96 sources in the dust continuum, with masses ≲3 M⊙ and radii of ∼103 au. The source masses and separations are more consistent with thermal rather than turbulent fragmentation. It is not possible to unambiguously determine the dynamical state of most of the sources, as the uncertainty on virial parameter estimates is large. We find evidence for large-scale (∼1 pc) converging gas flows, which could cause the cloud to grow rapidly, gaining 104 M⊙ within 105 yr. The highest density gas is found at the convergent point of the large-scale flows. We expect this cloud to form many high-mass stars, but find no high-mass starless cores. If the sources represent the initial conditions for star formation, the resulting initial mass function will be bottom heavy.
-
ABSTRACT We investigate the kinematics of the molecular gas in a sample of seven edge-on (i > 60°) galaxies identified as hosting large-scale outflows of ionized gas, using ALMA CO(1–0) observations at ∼1 kpc resolution. We build on Hogarth et al., where we find that molecular gas is more centrally concentrated in galaxies which host winds than in control objects. We perform full three-dimensional kinematic modelling with multiple combinations of kinematic components, allowing us to infer whether these objects share any similarities in their molecular gas structure. We use modelling to pinpoint the kinematic centre of each galaxy, in order to interpret their minor- and major-axis position velocity diagrams (PVDs). From the PVDs, we find that the bulk of the molecular gas in our galaxies is dynamically cold, tracing the rotation curves predicted by our symmetric, rotation-dominated models, but with minor flux asymmetries. Most notably, we find evidence of radial gas motion in a subset of our objects, which demonstrate a characteristic ‘twisting’ in their minor-axis PVDs generally associated with gas flow along the plane of a galaxy. In our highest S/N object, we include bi-symmetric radial flow in our kinematic model, and find (via the Bayesian Information Criterion) that the presence of radial gas motion is strongly favoured. This may provide one mechanism by which molecular gas and star formation are centrally concentrated, enabling the launch of massive ionized gas winds. However, in the remainder of our sample, we do not observe evidence that gas is being driven radially, once again emphasizing the variety of physical processes that may be powering the outflows in these objects, as originally noted in H21.