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The highest species richness and ecological diversity of extant snakes are in the tropics, primarily in South Asia and Central and South America. Tropical Africa has relatively lower richness and less diversity, but the evolution of tropical herpetofaunas, and the factors governing diversification through time at continental scales are poorly understood due to an understudied fossil record. The ecologies and geographic distributions of aniliid and uropeltoid snakes are examples. Modern species constitute either a grade or clade of fossorial, primarily wet forest taxa from South America and South Asia. Their distributions have historically been interpreted as Gondwanan vicariance following the isolation of Africa in the Early Cretaceous, but a definitive fossil record for these snakes is depauperate. Field research in the early Miocene (approx. 19 Mya) Tinderet sequence of western Kenya has produced precloacal vertebrae of an aniliid snake from multiple localities. Specimens possess vertebral apomorphies shared with extant South American Anilius scytale, including the morphology of the neural spine and prezygapophyseal angle. Combined with additional fossils from the Eocene of North Africa and Middle Miocene of Kenya, the Tinderet records demonstrate an unambiguous past record of an extant neotropical snake lineage in Africa and falsify previous vicariance hypotheses. Recent stable isotopic and palynological studies of Neogene eastern African fossil localities have indicated heterogenous environments, including C4 grasses and wood- to scrubland, associated with vertebrate faunas. Comparing climate parameters of habitats for extant Anilius and uropeltoid snakes as ecological analogues to the Tinderet snake with modern ecosystems equivalent to those reconstructed for the eastern African early Miocene demonstrates only limited overlap in precipitation and temperature values. This discord indicates either greater environmental heterogeneity than reconstructed for the early Miocene of eastern Africa, or a greater range of habitat variability in aniliid snakes than observed in extant Anilius.
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Macroscelideans (Myohyracinae and Rhynchocyoninae) from the late Oligocene Nsungwe formation of the Rukwa Rift Basin, southwestern Tanzania
The fossil record of macroscelidean mammals is notoriously patchy, with a significant spatial and temporal gap separating faunas from the early Oligocene localities of northern Africa and the early Miocene localities of eastern and southern Africa. Here we describe fossil macroscelideans representing Myohyracinae and Rhynchocyoninae recovered from a rift-fill sequence of richly fossiliferous sandstones in the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation in the Rukwa Rift Basin of southwestern Tanzania. Radiometrically dated to 25.2 Ma, a new Palaeogene myohyracine taxon (Rukwasengi butleri) is represented by a partial maxilla (RRBP 05409) preserving a lightly worn M2-M3. The M2 exhibits a less hypsodont and mesiodistally elongate morphology than the early Miocene Myohyrax oswaldi, and the three-rooted M3 exhibits a tiny mesially positioned fossette. A new rhynchocyonine (Oligorhynchocyon songwensis) is represented by specimens more brachyodont than the early Miocene Miorhynchocyon. Taken together these finds document a rare window into macroscelidean evolutionary history with diversification of the group near the Palaeogene-Neogene Transition (PNT). Continued exploration offers a refined perspective on mid-Cenozoic faunal and ecosystem dynamics on continental Africa, expanding opportunities for recognising trends in palaeobiological diversity across habitat types and through time.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1638796
- PAR ID:
- 10294685
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Historical Biology
- ISSN:
- 0891-2963
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 7
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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The highest species richness and ecological diversity of extant snakes are in the tropics, primarily in South Asia and Central and South America. Tropical Africa has relatively lower richness and less diversity, but the evolution of tropical herpetofaunas, and the factors governing diversification through time at continental scales are poorly understood due to an understudied fossil record. The ecologies and geographic distributions of aniliid and uropeltoid snakes are examples. Modern species constitute either a grade or clade of fossorial, primarily wet forest taxa from South America and South Asia. Their distributions have historically been interpreted as Gondwanan vicariance following the isolation of Africa in the Early Cretaceous, but a definitive fossil record for these snakes is depauperate. Field research in the early Miocene (approx. 19 Mya) Tinderet sequence of western Kenya has produced precloacal vertebrae of an aniliid snake from multiple localities. Specimens possess vertebral apomorphies shared with extant South American Anilius scytale, including the morphology of the neural spine and prezygapophyseal angle. Combined with additional fossils from the Eocene of North Africa, the Tinderet records demonstrate an unambiguous past record of an extant neotropical snake lineage in Africa and falsify previous vicariance hypotheses. Recent stable isotopic and palynological studies of Neogene eastern African fossil localities have indicated heterogenous environments, including C4 grasses and wood- to scrubland, associated with vertebrate faunas. Comparing climate parameters of habitats for extant Anilius and uropeltoid snakes as ecological analogues to the Tinderet snake with modern ecosystems equivalent to those reconstructed for the eastern African early Miocene demonstrates only limited overlap in precipitation and temperature values. This discord indicates either greater environmental heterogeneity than reconstructed for the early Miocene of eastern Africa, or a greater range of habitat variability in aniliid snakes than observed in extant Anilius.more » « less
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1938565
