skip to main content


Title: Lake Morphometry and River Network Controls on Evasion of Terrestrially Sourced Headwater CO 2
Abstract

Lakes are central components of the inland water system distinct from, yet inextricably connected to, river networks. Currently, existing network‐scale biogeochemistry research, although robust, typically treats each of these components separately or reductively. Here, we incorporate lake morphometry into a fully connected stream/lake network for the Connecticut River watershed and model potential evasion of terrestrially sourced headwater CO2as transported through the network, ignoring in‐stream production. We found that approximately 25%–30% of total potential soil CO2evasion occurs in lakes, and percent evasion is inversely related to streamflow. A lake's ability to evade CO2is controlled by residence time and size: most lakes with residence time over 7 days or surface area greater than 0.004 km2evade functionally all terrestrial CO2entering from upstream, precluding further downstream transport. We conclude that lakes are important for soil CO2degassing and that this coupled river/lake approach is promising for CO2studies henceforth.

 
more » « less
Award ID(s):
1840243
NSF-PAR ID:
10452802
Author(s) / Creator(s):
 ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  
Publisher / Repository:
DOI PREFIX: 10.1029
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Geophysical Research Letters
Volume:
48
Issue:
1
ISSN:
0094-8276
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. Abstract

    Inland waters are an important component of the global carbon budget. However, our ability to predict carbon fluxes from stream systems remains uncertain, aspCO2varies within streams at scales of 1–100 m. This makes direct monitoring of large‐scale CO2fluxes impractical. We incorporate CO2input and output fluxes into a stream network advection‐reaction model, representing the first process‐based representation of stream CO2dynamics at watershed scales. This model includes groundwater (GW) CO2inputs, water column (WC), benthic hyporheic zone (BHZ) respiration, downstream advection, and atmospheric exchange. We evaluate this model against existing statistical methods including upscaling and multiple linear regressions through comparisons to high‐resolution streampCO2data collected across the East River Watershed in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (USA). The stream network model accurately captures GW, evasion, and respiration‐drivenpCO2variability and significantly outperforms multiple linear regressions for predictingpCO2. Further, the model provides estimates of CO2contributions from internal versus external sources suggesting that streams transition from GW‐ to BHZ‐dominated sources between 3rd and 4th Strahler orders, with GW, BHZ, and WC accounting for 49.3%, 50.6%, and 0.1% of CO2fluxes from the watershed, respectively. Lastly, stream network model atmospheric CO2fluxes are 4‐12x times smaller than upscaling technique predictions, largely due to relationships between streampCO2and gas exchange velocities. Taken together, this stream network model improves our ability to predict stream CO2dynamics and efflux. Furthermore, future applications to regional and global scales may result in a significant downward revision of global flux estimates.

     
    more » « less
  2. Abstract

    High‐altitude tropical grasslands, known as “páramos,” are characterized by high solar radiation, high precipitation, and low temperature. They also exhibit some of the highest ecosystem carbon stocks per unit area on Earth. Recent observations have shown that páramos may be a net source of CO2to the atmosphere as a result of climate change; however, little is known about the source of this excess CO2in these mountainous environments or which landscape components contribute the most CO2. We evaluated the spatial and temporal variability of surface CO2fluxes to the atmosphere from adjacent terrestrial and aquatic environments in a high‐altitude catchment of Ecuador, based on a suite of field measurements performed during the wet season. Our findings revealed the importance of hydrologic dynamics in regulating the magnitude and likely fate of dissolved carbon in the stream. While headwater catchments are known to contribute disproportionately larger amounts of carbon to the atmosphere than their downstream counterparts, our study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of CO2fluxes within and between aquatic and terrestrial landscape elements in headwater catchments of complex topography. Our findings revealed that CO2evasion from stream surfaces was up to an order of magnitude greater than soil CO2efflux from the adjacent terrestrial environment. Stream carbon flux to the atmosphere appeared to be transport limited (i.e., controlled by flow characteristics, turbulent flow, and water velocity) in the upper reaches of the stream, and source limited (i.e., controlled by CO2and carbon availability) in the lower reaches of the stream. A 4‐m waterfall along the channel accounted for up to 35% of the total evasion observed along a 250‐m stream reach. These findings represent a first step in understanding ecosystem carbon cycling at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in high‐altitude, tropical, headwater catchments.

     
    more » « less
  3. Abstract

    Rivers and streams are control points for CO2emission to the air (fCO2), with emission rates often exceeding internal metabolism (net ecosystem production, NEP). The difference is usually attributed to CO2‐supersaturated groundwater inputs from upland soil respiration and rock weathering, but this implies a terrestrial‐to‐aquatic C transfer greater than estimated by terrestrial mass balance. One explanation is that riparian zones—rich in organic and inorganic C but mostly neglected in terrestrial mass balances—contribute disproportionately tofCO2. To test this hypothesis, we measuredfCO2, NEP, and the lateral CO2contributions from both terrestrial uplands (TER) and riparian wetlands (RIP) for seven reaches in a lowland river network in Florida, USA. NEP contributed about half offCO2, but the remaining CO2emission was generally much larger than measured TER. The relative importance of RIP versus TER varied markedly between contrasting hydrogeologic settings: RIP contributed 49% offCO2where geologic confinement forced lateral drainage through riparian soils, but only 12% where unconfined karst allowed deeper groundwater flowpaths that bypassed riparian zones. On a land area basis, the narrow riparian corridor yielded far more CO2than the terrestrial uplands (33.1 vs. 1.4 g‐C m−2 yr−1), resulting in river corridors (i.e., stream channel plus adjacent wetlands, NEP + RIP) sourcing 87% offCO2to streams. Our findings imply that true terrestrial CO2subsidies to streams may be smaller than previously estimated by aquatic mass balance and highlight the importance of explicitly integrating riparian zones into the conceptual model for terrestrial‐to‐aquatic C transfer.

     
    more » « less
  4. Abstract

    The magnitude of future emissions of greenhouse gases from the northern permafrost region depends crucially on the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) that has accumulated over millennia in these perennially frozen soils. Many recent studies have used radiocarbon (14C) to quantify the release of this “old” SOC as CO2or CH4to the atmosphere or as dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) to surface waters. We compiled ~1,90014C measurements from 51 sites in the northern permafrost region to assess the vulnerability of thawing SOC in tundra, forest, peatland, lake, and river ecosystems. We found that growing season soil14C‐CO2emissions generally had a modern (post‐1950s) signature, but that well‐drained, oxic soils had increased CO2emissions derived from older sources following recent thaw. The age of CO2and CH4emitted from lakes depended primarily on the age and quantity of SOC in sediments and on the mode of emission, and indicated substantial losses of previously frozen SOC from actively expanding thermokarst lakes. Increased fluvial export of aged DOC and POC occurred from sites where permafrost thaw caused soil thermal erosion. There was limited evidence supporting release of previously frozen SOC as CO2, CH4, and DOC from thawing peatlands with anoxic soils. This synthesis thus suggests widespread but not universal release of permafrost SOC following thaw. We show that different definitions of “old” sources among studies hamper the comparison of vulnerability of permafrost SOC across ecosystems and disturbances. We also highlight opportunities for future14C studies in the permafrost region.

     
    more » « less
  5. Abstract

    Most terrestrial allochthonous organic matter enters river networks through headwater streams during high flow events. In headwaters, allochthonous inputs are substantial and variable, but become less important in streams and rivers with larger watersheds. As allochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) moves downstream, the proportion of less aromatic organic matter with autochthonous characteristics increases. How environmental factors converge to control this transformation of DOM at a continental scale is less certain. We hypothesized that the amount of time water has spent travelling through surface waters of inland systems (streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs) is correlated to DOM composition. To test this hypothesis, we used established river network scaling relationships to predict relative river network flow‐weighted travel time (FWTT) of water for 60 stream and river sites across the contiguous United States (3090 discrete samples over 10 water years). We estimated lentic contribution to travel times with upstream in‐network lake and reservoir volume. DOM composition was quantified using ultraviolet and visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. A combination of FWTT and lake and reservoir volume was the best overall predictor of DOM composition among models that also incorporated discharge, specific discharge, watershed area, and upstream channel length. DOM spectral slope ratio (R2 = 0.77) and Freshness Index (R2 = 0.78) increased and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (R2 = 0.68) and Humification Index (R2 = 0.44) decreased across sites as a function of FWTT and upstream lake volume. This indicates autochthonous‐like DOM becomes continually more dominant in waters with greater FWTT. We assert that river FWTT can be used as a metric of the continuum of DOM composition from headwaters to rivers. The nature of the changes to DOM composition detected suggest this continuum is driven by a combination of photo‐oxidation, biological processes, hydrologically varying terrestrial subsidies, and aged groundwater inputs.

     
    more » « less