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1. Camera Point-of-View Exacerbates Racial Bias in Viewers of Police Use of Force Videos

   https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab002  

   Bailey, Rachel L; Read, Glenna L; Yan, YaoJun Harry; Liu, Jiawei; Makin, David A; Willits, Dale (April 2021, Journal of Communication)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract The implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC) by policing agencies has received widespread support from many individuals, including citizens and police officers. Despite their increasing prevalence, little is known about how the point-of-view (POV) of these cameras affects perceptions of viewers. In this research, we investigate how POV interacts with skin color of citizens in police use of force videos to affect perceptions of procedural justice. In an experimental study, participants watched eight police use of force videos—half recorded from BWC and half from an onlooker’s perspective—in which skin tone of the citizen varied. Results indicate that POV interacts with citizen skin tone such that, compared to the onlooker perspective, the BWC exacerbated viewer racial bias against dark skin tone citizens. Furthermore, identification with the police officer fully mediated this relationship. Results are discussed in relation to media theory and practical implications. 

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2. To Impress an Algorithm; Minoritized Applicants’ Perceptions of Fairness in AI Hiring Systems

   Girona, Antonio; Yarger, Lynette (April 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

   Technology firms increasingly leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance human decision-making processes in the rapidly evolving talent acquisi- tion landscape. However, the ramifications of these advancements on workforce diversity remain a topic of intense debate. Drawing upon Gilliland’s procedu- ral justice framework, we explore how IT job candidates interpret the fairness of AI-driven recruitment systems. Gilliland’s model posits that an organization’s adherence to specific fairness principles, such as honesty and the opportunity to perform, profoundly shapes candidates’ self-perceptions, their judgments of the recruitment system’s equity, and the overall attractiveness of the organization. Using focus groups and interviews, we interacted with 47 women, Black and Lat- inx or Hispanic undergraduates specializing in computer and information science to discern how gender, race, and ethnicity influence attitudes toward AI in hir- ing. Three procedural justice rules, consistency of administration, job-relatedness, and selection information, emerged as critical in shaping participants’ fairness perceptions. Although discussed less frequently, the propriety of questions held significant resonance for Black and Latinx or Hispanic participants. Our study underscores the critical role of fairness evaluations for organizations, especially those striving to diversify the tech workforce. 

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3. Downstream Effects of Frayed Relations: Juror Race, Judgment, and Perceptions of Police

   https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231178322  

   Lynch, Mona; Shaw, Emily V (May 2023, Race and Justice)

   Building on research demonstrating significant differences in how Black and White Americans view law enforcement, this study assesses how those differential views shape potential jurors’ decision-making in the context of a federal drug conspiracy case in which the primary evidence against the defendant is provided by an FBI agent and an informant cooperating with the agent. A sample of 649 Black and White jury-eligible U.S. citizens were exposed to the case, in which a Black defendant is being tried, and where the informant-witness race (Black or White) was varied. Participants determined verdict, evaluated evidence, and completed additional measures. Results indicated that Black participants were significantly less likely to convict than White participants, especially in the White informant condition; rated the law enforcement witness as less credible, and viewed police more negatively across three composite measures. Exploratory analysis of how juror race and gender interacted indicates Black women largely drove racial differences in verdicts. Perceptions of police legitimacy mediated the relationship between juror race and verdict choice. We conclude that it is critical that citizens are not prevented from being seated on juries due to skepticism about police, given the risk of disproportionate exclusion of Black potential jurors. The legal processes relevant to juror excusals need to be reconsidered to ensure that views of police, rooted in actual experience or knowledge about the problems with fair and just policing, are not used to disproportionately exclude persons of color, or to seat juries overrepresented by people who blindly trust police. 

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4. Repurposing recidivism models for forecasting police officer use of force

   Khorshidi, S.; Carter, J.G.; Mohler, G. (January 2020, IEEE International Conference on Big Data)

   null (Ed.)

   We review several concepts and modeling techniques from statistical and machine learning that have been developed to forecast recidivism. We show how these methods might be repurposed for forecasting police officer use of force. Using open Chicago police department use-of-force complaint data for illustration, we discuss feature engineering, construction of black-box models, interpretable forecasts, and fairness. 

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5. Cooperation with the police: a path analysis of residents in two Arab American-concentrated cities

   https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2022-0144  

   Camero, Brianna; Cano-Rodriguez, Karen; Chawota, Takudzwa; Morgan, Kayon; Potts, Alicen; Solorzano-Franco, Monserrat; Klahm IV, Charles; Wu, Yuning (January 2023, Policing: An International Journal)

   Purpose This study seeks to answer (1) how perceived neighborhood collective efficacy and disorder affect residents' cooperation with the police, both directly and indirectly through perceptions of the police and (2) how Arab American ethnicity moderates the linkages between perceived collective efficacy, disorder and cooperation. Design/methodology/approach Relying on survey interview data from a probability sample of 414 residents in Dearborn and Dearborn Heights, MI and path model analysis, this study tests an explanatory model of public cooperation with the police that integrates both neighborhood and policing factors. Findings Perceived neighborhood disorder undermines residents' desires to cooperate, and this influence is chiefly direct. Meanwhile, although no significant total effect, perception of neighborhood collective efficacy does have a positive effect on cooperation through the mediator of positive assessment of police effectiveness. Further, collective efficacy has a direct, positive effect on cooperation among Arab Americans only. Finally, perceptions of police equal treatment and effectiveness, rather than procedural justice, are significant correlates of public cooperation. Originality/value This study contributes to the extremely limited literature on policing and Arab American communities. The findings can deepen the understanding on why and for which groups neighborhood context is related to cooperation with the police. Findings can also add to the knowledge base for designing policies and practices that help secure and promote public support and cooperation in both Arab and non-Arab communities. 

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