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   Chen, Li; Kyng, Rasmus; Liu, Yang P.; Peng, Richard; Gutenberg, Maximilian Probst; Sachdeva, Sushant (October 2022, 2022 IEEE 63rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS))

   We give an algorithm that computes exact maximum flows and minimum-cost flows on directed graphs with m edges and polynomially bounded integral demands, costs, and capacities in m^{1+o(1)} time. Our algorithm builds the flow through a sequence of m^{1+o(1)} approximate undirected minimum-ratio cycles, each of which is computed and processed in amortized m^{o(1)} time using a new dynamic graph data structure. Our framework extends to algorithms running in m^{1+o(1)} time for computing flows that minimize general edge-separable convex functions to high accuracy. This gives almost-linear time algorithms for several problems including entropy-regularized optimal transport, matrix scaling, p-norm flows, and p-norm isotonic regression on arbitrary directed acyclic graphs. 

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5. Flow battery electroanalysis 3: online kinetics measurements using ultramicroelectrodes in channel flow

   https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta02132c  

   Segel, Becca; Parr, Zachary; Sawant, Tejal V.; Yim, Carissa S.; Miller, Dean M.; Henry, Thomas J.; McKone, James R. (July 2022, Journal of Materials Chemistry A)

   Redox flow batteries are attractive for grid-scale energy storage, but ongoing work on materials discovery is hampered by the difficulty of measuring electron-transfer rates under battery-relevant conditions. We have developed an experimental approach for collecting continuous voltammetric measurements of flow battery electrolytes by placing a 3-electrode cell containing an ultramicroelectrode into the flow loop of a functioning redox flow battery. We further developed an empirical approach for extracting electron-transfer rate constants from each voltammetric cycle, thereby enabling continuous measurements as a function of state of charge and cycle time. Benchmarking these approaches with iron-based aqueous flow battery electrolytes using platinum and carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes yielded rate constants that varied in the order Pt > electrochemically oxidized carbon > pristine carbon, in good agreement with prior work. We also found that Pt electrodes become more catalytically active upon cycling for several hours, whereas carbon fiber electrodes with and without oxidative pretreatments remained stable over the same interval. We expect these experimental approaches can be used to measure kinetics and other figures of merit for most electrodes and electrolytes of interest for redox flow batteries as well as in other systems where it is useful to evaluate the properties of a flowing electrolyte in real time. 

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