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1. THE JUVENILE CRANIUM AND UPPER DECIDUOUS DENTITION OF MEGALADAPIS MADAGASCARIENSIS (LEMUROIDEA, STRESIRRHINE, PRIMATES)

   Collins, Regan; Borths, Matthew R; Borrelli, Chiara (October 2023, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology)

   The living diversity of lemurs includes over 100 species spread across the diverse ecoregions of Madagascar. The late Pleistocene and Holocene subfossil record from Madagascar expands this diversity to include 17 extinct species, all larger than any extant lemur species. Numerous studies have explored this diversity by focusing on variation in life-history strategies in lemurs and other strepsirrhines, comparing them to haplorhine primates. In general, strepsirrhines gestate, wean, and reach sexual maturity more rapidly than haplorhines, but differences in relative brain size, body size, and ecology complicate these comparisons. Megaladapis madagascariensis is an extinct, large bodied (~46 kg) folivorous lemur that can provide an important point of reference in these studies, but early phases of M. madagascariensis ontogeny are necessary to develop these comparisons. Here, we describe a complete juvenile cranium of M. madagascariensis from Anjohibe cave in northern Madagascar. The specimen preserves the complete deciduous premolar row. MicroCT scans reveal the developing paracones of the canine, P2, and P3 are present in the crypts between the roots of the deciduous dentition. The crypt of M1 is preserved, though the crown is absent and the M1 alveoli are not fully developed. Using growth rate data collected from M. edwardsi dentition, the state of dental development in this specimen of M. madagascariensis suggests that it was less than one year-old at time of death. The entire cranium is about 55% the total length of an adult cranium from Anjohibe cave. As expected in such an immature individual, the rostrum is relatively short, post-orbital constriction is limited, and the nuchal crest is relatively small compared to the adult. This specimen also preserves an intact braincase, facilitating comparisons between the juvenile and adult endocasts from Megaladapis and extant lemurs at comparable developmental stages. Overall, the juvenile cranium supports previous observations that – adjusted for its large body mass – Megaladapis life history was consistent with the relatively accelerated life-history of other strepsirrhines. These observations provide important context and model parameters for exploring the impact of the very recent extinction of Megaladapis and other large bodied lemurs in Madagascar. 

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2. SUBFOSSIL BIRDS AT VINTANY CAVE: A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE PAST ECOLOGY AND RECENT HISTORY OF TSIMANAMPESOTSE NATIONAL PARK

   Rasolonjatovo, HA M; Goodman, S M; Ranivoharimanana, L; Godfrey, L; Muldoon, KM (March 2024, NA)

   NA (Ed.)

   Madagascar, an island renowned for its rich biodiversity, is home to an impressive variety of bird species. The island’s Quaternary subfossil sites have yielded the remains of birds that bear testimony to an even richer avifauna during the recent past (Figure 1). These species are also excellent indicators of past habitats, due to habitat-specific adaptations (Behrensmeyer et al., 2003; Carrera et al., 2021). We studied the subfossil avifauna from Vintany Cave at Tsimanampesotse, SW Madagascar, to reconstruct the habitats of this region prior to human population expansion. The bird fossils were found in deposits alongside remains of other vertebrate species including large-bodied frugivorous lemurs, browsing elephant birds, and carnivorans such as Fossa fossana and Cryptoprocta spelea, the latter an extinct euplerid that preyed on large- bodied lemurs such as Pachylemur and Megaladapis. Radiocarbon dates establish an age range between 2000 and 3000 yr BP. 

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3. Phylogeny and divergence times of lemurs inferred with recent and ancient fossils in the tree

   https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw035  

   Herrera, James P.; Dávalos, Liliana M. (April 2016, Systematic Biology)

   Paleontological and neontological systematics seek to answer evolutionary questions with different datasets. Phylogenies inferred for combined extant and extinct taxa provide novel insights into the evolutionary history of life. Primates have an extensive, diverse fossil record and molecular data for living and extinct taxa are rapidly becoming available. We used two models to infer the phylogeny and divergence times for living and fossil primates, the tip-dating (TD) and fossilized birth-death process (FBD). We collected new morphological data, especially on the living and extinct endemic lemurs of Madagascar. We combined the morphological data with published DNA sequences to infer near-complete (88% of lemurs) time-calibrated phylogenies. The results suggest that primates originated around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, slightly earlier than indicated by the fossil record and later than previously inferred from molecular data alone. We infer novel relationships among extinct lemurs, and strong support for relationships that were previously unresolved. Dates inferred with TD were significantly older than those inferred with FBD, most likely related to an assumption of a uniform branching process in the TD compared to a birth-death process assumed in the FBD. This is the first study to combine morphological and DNA sequence data from extinct and extant primates to infer evolutionary relationships and divergence times, and our results shed new light on the tempo of lemur evolution and the efficacy of combined phylogenetic analyses. 

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4. Description of the subfossil crocodylians from a new Late Pleistocene subfossil site (Tsaramody, Sambaina Basin) in central Madagascar

   Rakotozandry, R.; Ranivoharimanana, L.; Ranaivosoa, V.; Rasolofomanana, N.; Hekkala, E.; Samonds, K.E. (December 2021, Malagasy nature)

   Madagascar is famous today not only for its unique biodiversity, but also for the high levels of endemism of plants and animals. Less appreciated is the fact that, in the recent past, the island had even greater biodiversity with many other endemic animals such as giant lemurs, elephant birds, pygmy hippopotami, tortoises, and crocodiles that have gone extinct within the past 2000 years. The extinction of many of these groups is thought to be the result of both human activities and environmental change. Most research has focused on the lemurs, hippopotami, and elephant birds. Other recently extinct animals, including the Malagasy horned crocodile (Voay robustus), are relatively poorly known. Madagascar’s subfossil crocodylians include two taxa: the extinct V. robustus (the Malagasy horned crocodile) and the extant Crocodylus niloticus. The latter arrived on Madagascar relatively recently and we know little about the habitat preferences, distributions and ecological interactions (if any) of either species during the Holocene. In order to better understand the recent history of crocodylian extinction in Madagascar, we must first identify which species were present and where they were found. We present here a description of subfossil crocodylian material collected from the newly discovered subfossil site of Tsaramody (Sambaina Basin), a high-elevation wetlandenvironment. At 1655 m, it represents the highest elevation subfossil site on the island. Here we describe both cranial (e.g., premaxillary, jugal, and squamosal “horns”) and postcranial elements (e.g., osteoderms). Our research indicates that crocodile material from Tsaramody appears morphologically to belong to V. robustus, the extinct species. However, oval tuberosities on the frontal bone and a triangular extension of the squamosal bone suggest previously unrecognized variation. 

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5. The stories people tell, and how they can contribute to our understanding of megafaunal decline and extinction in Madagascar

   Nomenjanahary, E.S.; Freed, B.Z.; Dollar, L.J.; Randrianasy, J.; Godfrey, L.R. (December 2021, Malagasy nature)

   Most researchers believe that Madagascar’s megafauna went extinct between 2000 and 1000 years ago. Across Madagascar, fossil specimens of the island’s endemic (and now extinct) pygmy hippopotamuses, elephant birds, giant lemurs, horned crocodiles, and other vertebrates larger in body size than 10 kg commonly date to the first millennium of the Common Era (CE) or earlier; few records date to the second millennium CE. Whereas megafaunal populations appear to have crashed almost simultaneously near the end of the first millennium CE, small populations can survive in remote pockets for centuries after precipitous species decline, perhaps longer. Examining the differences in the population dynamics of declining species and other factors can help to better identify the ultimate timing of extinction. Ever since Etienne de Flacourt traveled to Madagascar in the late 1600s, Malagasy stories of large-bodied wild animals have been recorded. Many include fantastic, clearly mythical creatures, but some provide anatomical or behavioral details which are consistent with legends or even direct observations of real, albeit potentially already extinct, species (including elephant birds, hippopotamuses, and some giant lemurs). In December 1989, at 06:00 hours, one of us (BZF) witnessed a large euplerid carnivoran locally known as fosabe (big fosa) or fosa jobijoby (blackish fosa) who had entered his field tent at Montagne d’Ambre. The animal was “twice the size and much darker than the common fossa” (Freed, 1996, p. 34). The individual was black and weighed approximately 20-25 kg. Freed wrote that the animal was well known to the local people and that “many local people also reported seeing it”. The animal fits paleontologists’ expectations for Cryptoprocta spelea, a large carnivoran known from the fossil record, believed to have been extinct for at least 1000 years. In June 2020, we recorded modern accounts of the big fosa. One of us (ESN) visited villages in four different sectors (Northwest, Northeast, East, and West) of Montagne d’Ambre National Park and the Forêt d’Ambre Special Reserve to examine potential regional differences and/or similarities in the stories of this animal, and whether such accounts include mythical elements, relevant anatomical information, and/or credible recent sightings. We also recorded stories of an Endangered extant animal, the aye-aye of the genus Daubentonia (also known locally as the kakahely). Ultimately, we believe this folklore provides clues that may help elucidate the geography of decline and possible late survival of an “extinct” megafaunal animal on Madagascar. 

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