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1. Living on the edge: spatial response of coyotes ( Canis latrans ) to wolves ( Canis lupus ) in the subarctic

   https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0050  

   Klauder, Kaija; Borg, Bridget L.; Prugh, Laura R. (April 2021, Canadian Journal of Zoology)

   null (Ed.)

   Understanding how mesopredators manage the risks associated with apex predators is key to explaining impacts of apex predators on mesopredator populations and patterns of mesopredator space use. Here we examine the spatial response of coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) to risk posed by wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) using data from sympatric individuals fitted with GPS collars in subarctic Alaska, USA, near the northern range limit for coyotes. We show that coyotes do not universally avoid wolves, but instead demonstrate season-specific responses to both wolf proximity and long-term use of the landscape by wolves. Specifically, coyotes switched from avoiding wolves in summer to preferring areas with wolves in winter, and this selection was consistent across short-term and longer term temporal scales. In the summer, coyotes responded less strongly to risk of wolves when in open areas than when in closed vegetation. We also demonstrate that coyotes maintain extremely large territories averaging 291 km 2 , and experience low annual survival (0.50) with large carnivores being the largest source of mortality. This combination of attraction and avoidance predicated on season and landcover suggests that mesopredators use complex behavioral strategies to mediate the effects of apex predators. 

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2. Dental evidence for variation in diet over time and space in the Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02821-8  

   Ungar, Peter S.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Peterson, Alexandria S.; Sokolov, Aleksandr A.; Sokolova, Natalia A.; Ehrich, Dorothee; Fufachev, Ivan A.; Gilg, Olivier; Terekhina, Alexandra; Volkovitskiy, Alexander; et al (March 2021, Polar Biology)

   null (Ed.)
3. PO and PN in the Envelope of VY Canis Majoris: Elucidating the Chemistry and Origin of Phosphorus

   https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6660  

   Ravi, R.; Singh, A_P; Richards, A_M_S; Humphreys, R_M; Decin, L.; Ziurys, L_M (August 2024, The Astrophysical Journal Letters)

   Abstract TheJ= 5.5 → 4.5 andJ= 5 → 4 transitions of PO and PN, respectively, have been imaged in the envelope of hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa) using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array with angular resolutions of 0.″2 and 1.″5 and data from the Submillimeter Telescope of the Arizona Radio Observatory. These maps are the first high-fidelity images of PO and PN in a circumstellar envelope. Both molecules are primarily present in a spherical, star-centered region with a radius ∼60R_*(0.″5), indicating formation by LTE chemistry and then condensation into grains. PN, however, shows additional, fan-shaped emission 2″ southwest of the star, coincident with dust features resolved by Hubble Space Telescope (HST), as well as four newly identified distinct structures 1″–2″ toward the north, east, and west (Cloudlets I–IV), not visible in HST images. The “SW Fan” and the cloudlets are also prominent in theJ= 5.5 → 4.5 transition of NS. The correlation of PN with NS, SiO, and dust knots in the SW Fan suggests a formation in shocked gas enhanced with nitrogen. Excess nitrogen is predicted to favor PN synthesis over PO. Abundances for PN and PO in the spherical source aref∼ 4.4 × 10⁻⁸and 1.4 × 10⁻⁷, respectively, relative to H₂. Given a cosmic abundance of phosphorus, an unusually high fraction (∼35%) is contained in PO and PN. Alternatively, the stellar winds may be enriched in P (and N) by dredge-up from the interior of VY CMa. 

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4. Gifts of an enemy: scavenging dynamics in the presence of wolves ( Canis lupus )

   https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab020  

   Klauder, Kaija J; Borg, Bridget L; Sivy, Kelly J; Prugh, Laura R (March 2021, Journal of Mammalogy)

   Hopkins, Jack (Ed.)

   Abstract Carrion represents an important resource for carnivores. Examining competition for carrion in a risk–reward framework allows for a better understanding of how predator guilds compete for and benefit from carrion. We used trail camera data to compare wintertime carrion use and vigilance behavior of four carnivores in Denali National Park and Preserve. We found that carrion use was dominated by wolves (Canis lupus) and wolverines (Gulo gulo), followed by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans). Wolves and wolverines were twice as likely to visit a carcass as foxes and coyotes, and their visits were longer and more numerous. Our results suggest scavenging animals reduced their risk exposure primarily by reducing their use of carrion, with some evidence of increased vigilance at busy sites. We found that carrion use and behavior at carcass sites were influenced by the mortality type of the carcass, the age of the carcass, and the long-term intensity of wolf use in the area. Our results also suggest that wolves are the “top scavenger,” and indicate that intraguild competition for carrion strongly affects which species benefit from carrion, with larger and more aggressive species dominating. 

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5. Impulsivity as a trait in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

   https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000352  

   Barela, Jessica; Worth, Yasmin; Stevens, Jeffrey R. (August 2023, Journal of Comparative Psychology)