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1. The (moral) language of hate

   https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad210  

   Kennedy, Brendan; Golazizian, Preni; Trager, Jackson; Atari, Mohammad; Hoover, Joe; Mostafazadeh Davani, Aida; Dehghani, Morteza; Van Bavel, ed., J. (July 2023, PNAS Nexus)

   Abstract Humans use language toward hateful ends, inciting violence and genocide, intimidating and denigrating others based on their identity. Despite efforts to better address the language of hate in the public sphere, the psychological processes involved in hateful language remain unclear. In this work, we hypothesize that morality and hate are concomitant in language. In a series of studies, we find evidence in support of this hypothesis using language from a diverse array of contexts, including the use of hateful language in propaganda to inspire genocide (Study 1), hateful slurs as they occur in large text corpora across a multitude of languages (Study 2), and hate speech on social-media platforms (Study 3). In post hoc analyses focusing on particular moral concerns, we found that the type of moral content invoked through hate speech varied by context, with Purity language prominent in hateful propaganda and online hate speech and Loyalty language invoked in hateful slurs across languages. Our findings provide a new psychological lens for understanding hateful language and points to further research into the intersection of morality and hate, with practical implications for mitigating hateful rhetoric online. 

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2. Hate speech and hate crimes: a data-driven study of evolving discourse around marginalized groups

   https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData59044.2023.10386312  

   Bozhidarova, Malvina; Chang, Jonathn; Ale-Rasool, Aaishah; Liu, Yuxiang; Ma, Chongyao; Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Brantingham, P. Jeffrey; Lin, Junyuan; Krishnagopal, Sanjukta (December 2023, Proc. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData))
3. Hate Speech Classifiers Learn Normative Social Stereotypes

   https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00550  

   Davani, Aida Mostafazadeh; Atari, Mohammad; Kennedy, Brendan; Dehghani, Morteza (March 2023, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics)

   Abstract Social stereotypes negatively impact individuals’ judgments about different groups and may have a critical role in understanding language directed toward marginalized groups. Here, we assess the role of social stereotypes in the automated detection of hate speech in the English language by examining the impact of social stereotypes on annotation behaviors, annotated datasets, and hate speech classifiers. Specifically, we first investigate the impact of novice annotators’ stereotypes on their hate-speech-annotation behavior. Then, we examine the effect of normative stereotypes in language on the aggregated annotators’ judgments in a large annotated corpus. Finally, we demonstrate how normative stereotypes embedded in language resources are associated with systematic prediction errors in a hate-speech classifier. The results demonstrate that hate-speech classifiers reflect social stereotypes against marginalized groups, which can perpetuate social inequalities when propagated at scale. This framework, combining social-psychological and computational-linguistic methods, provides insights into sources of bias in hate-speech moderation, informing ongoing debates regarding machine learning fairness. 

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4. Coded Hate Speech Detection via Contextual Information

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05933-9_8  

   Xu, Depeng; Yuan, Shuhan; Wang, Yueyang; Nwude, Angela Uchechukwu; Zhang, Lu; Zajieck, Anna; Wu, Xintao (January 2022, Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining)
5. Polymers and light: a love–hate relationship

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SC00997A  

   Weerasinghe, M_A_Sachini_N; Nwoko, Tochukwu; Konkolewicz, Dominik (March 2025, Chemical Science)

   The interaction of light with polymers can be positive, where light enhances polymerization or performance, but it can also be negative towards the targeted properties. Positive and negative interactions between polymers and light are highlighted. 

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