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In this paper, we introduce a novel multi-scale network model of two epidemics: HIV infection and opioid addiction. The HIV infection dynamics is modeled on a complex network. We determine the basic reproduction number of HIV infection, $$ \mathcal{R}_{v} $$, and the basic reproduction number of opioid addiction, $$ \mathcal{R}_{u} $$. We show that the model has a unique disease-free equilibrium which is locally asymptotically stable when both $$ \mathcal{R}_{u} $$ and $$ \mathcal{R}_{v} $$ are less than one. If $$ \mathcal{R}_{u} > 1 $$ or $$ \mathcal{R}_{v} > 1 $$, then the disease-free equilibrium is unstable and there exists a unique semi-trivial equilibrium corresponding to each disease. The unique opioid only equilibrium exist when the basic reproduction number of opioid addiction is greater than one and it is locally asymptotically stable when the invasion number of HIV infection, $$ \mathcal{R}^{1}_{v_i} $$ is less than one. Similarly, the unique HIV only equilibrium exist when the basic reproduction number of HIV is greater than one and it is locally asymptotically stable when the invasion number of opioid addiction, $$ \mathcal{R}^{2}_{u_i} $$ is less than one. Existence and stability of co-existence equilibria remains an open problem. We performed numerical simulations to better understand the impact of three epidemiologically important parameters that are at the intersection of two epidemics: $$ q_v $$ the likelihood of an opioid user being infected with HIV, $$ q_u $$ the likelihood of an HIV-infected individual becoming addicted to opioids, and $$ \delta $$ recovery from opioid addiction. Simulations suggest that as the recovery from opioid use increases, the prevalence of co-affected individuals, those who are addicted to opioids and are infected with HIV, increase significantly. We demonstrate that the dependence of the co-affected population on $$ q_u $$ and $$ q_v $$ are not monotone.
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Immuno-epidemiological co-affection model of HIV infection and opioid addiction
In this paper, we present a multi-scale co-affection model of HIV infection and opioid addiction. The population scale epidemiological model is linked to the within-host model which describes the HIV and opioid dynamics in a co-affected individual. CD4 cells and viral load data obtained from morphine addicted SIV-infected monkeys are used to validate the within-host model. AIDS diagnoses, HIV death and opioid mortality data are used to fit the between-host model. When the rates of viral clearance and morphine uptake are fixed, the within-host model is structurally identifiable. If in addition the morphine saturation and clearance rates are also fixed the model becomes practical identifiable. Analytical results of the multi-scale model suggest that in addition to the disease-addiction-free equilibrium, there is a unique HIV-only and opioid-only equilibrium. Each of the boundary equilibria is stable if the invasion number of the other epidemic is below one. Elasticity analysis suggests that the most sensitive number is the invasion number of opioid epidemic with respect to the parameter of enhancement of HIV infection of opioid-affected individual. We conclude that the most effective control strategy is to prevent opioid addicted individuals from getting HIV, and to treat the opioid addiction directly and independently from HIV.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1951595
- PAR ID:
- 10330617
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering
- Volume:
- 19
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 1551-0018
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 3636 to 3672
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022168
