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1. IceCube Search for Neutrinos Coincident with Gravitational Wave Events from LIGO/Virgo Run O3

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca5fc  

   Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Alameddine, J. M.; Alves, A. A.; Amin, N. M.; et al (February 2023, The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract Using data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, we searched for high-energy neutrino emission from the gravitational-wave events detected by the advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors during their third observing run. We did a low-latency follow-up on the public candidate events released during the detectors’ third observing run and an archival search on the 80 confident events reported in the GWTC-2.1 and GWTC-3 catalogs. An extended search was also conducted for neutrino emission on longer timescales from neutron star containing mergers. Follow-up searches on the candidate optical counterpart of GW190521 were also conducted. We used two methods; an unbinned maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian analysis using astrophysical priors, both of which were previously used to search for high-energy neutrino emission from gravitational-wave events. No significant neutrino emission was observed by any analysis, and upper limits were placed on the time-integrated neutrino flux as well as the total isotropic equivalent energy emitted in high-energy neutrinos. 

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2. Deep Search for Joint Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with IceCube during the Third Observing Run of LIGO and Virgo

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4e1b  

   Abbasi, R; Ackermann, M; Adams, J; Agarwalla, S K; Aguilar, J A; Ahlers, M; Alameddine, J M; Ali, S; Amin, N M; Andeen, K; et al (May 2026, The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, from the dynamics of compact object mergers and stellar collapses to the mechanisms driving relativistic outflows. The joint detection of multiple cosmic messengers can also elevate the significance of the common observation even when some or all of the constituent messengers are subthreshold, i.e., not significant enough to declare their detection individually. Using data from the LIGO, Virgo, and IceCube observatories, including subthreshold events, we searched for common sources of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Our search did not identify significant joint sources. We derive constraints on the rate densities of joint sources. Our results constrain the isotropic neutrino emission from gravitational-wave sources for very high values of the total energy emitted in neutrinos (>10⁵²–10⁵⁴ erg). 

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3. A Search for IceCube Sub-TeV Neutrinos Correlated with Gravitational-wave Events Detected By LIGO/Virgo

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aceefc  

   Abbasi, R; Ackermann, M; Adams, J; Agarwalla, S K; Aguilar, J A; Ahlers, M; Alameddine, J M; Amin, N M; Andeen, K; Anton, G; et al (December 2023, The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract The LIGO/Virgo collaboration published the catalogs GWTC-1, GWTC-2.1, and GWTC-3 containing candidate gravitational-wave (GW) events detected during its runs O1, O2, and O3. These GW events can be possible sites of neutrino emission. In this paper, we present a search for neutrino counterparts of 90 GW candidates using IceCube DeepCore, the low-energy infill array of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The search is conducted using an unbinned maximum likelihood method, within a time window of 1000 s, and uses the spatial and timing information from the GW events. The neutrinos used for the search have energies ranging from a few GeV to several tens of TeV. We do not find any significant emission of neutrinos, and place upper limits on the flux and the isotropic-equivalent energy emitted in low-energy neutrinos. We also conduct a binomial test to search for source populations potentially contributing to neutrino emission. We report a nondetection of a significant neutrino-source population with this test. 

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4. High-Energy Multimessenger Transient Astrophysics

   Murase, Kohta; Bartos, Imre (October 2019, Annual review of nuclear and particle science)

   The recent discoveries of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and gravitational waves from astrophysical objects have led to a new era of multimessenger astrophysics. In particular, electromagnetic follow-up observations triggered by these cosmic signals have proved to be highly successful and have brought about new opportunities in time-domain astronomy. We review high-energy particle production in various classes of astrophysical transient phenomena related to black holes and neutron stars, and discuss how high-energy emission can be used to reveal the underlying physics of neutrino and gravitational-wave sources. 

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5. Colloquium : Gravitational waves from neutrino-driven core collapse supernovae

   https://doi.org/10.1103/pv6p-dtr2  

   Mezzacappa, A; Zanolin, M (December 2025, Reviews of Modern Physics)

   Current, ground-based gravitational wave detectors were designed to detect gravitational waves from two primary sources: compact-binary coalescences and core collapse supernovae. Gravitational waves from the former have been detected, but we await the first detection of gravitational waves from the latter. Current theory indicates that the majority of core collapse supernovae are neutrino driven. In rare cases involving significant progenitor rotation, large initial magnetic fields, and the alignment of the two, they may be driven by magnetohydrodynamic stresses. This Colloquium focuses on neutrino-driven core collapse supernovae. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in core collapse supernova theory, culminating in sophisticated three-dimensional simulations and the delineation of key components of the central engine. With that, predictions of gravitational wave emission from core collapse supernovae have become sophisticated as well, and connections between components of the emission and their dynamical sources can now be made. As a result, a core collapse supernova gravitational wave detection promises to provide a view deep into the central engine that can be used to validate models and confirm (or fail to confirm) predictions. Core collapse supernovae are rarer and weaker sources of gravitational waves than compact-binary coalescences. Paralleling modeling efforts, significant effort has been necessarily expended to develop customized and optimized gravitational wave detection strategies and algorithms specifically designed for core collapse supernovae. These strategies rely on the multimessenger detection of gravitational waves, neutrinos, especially the electron-neutrino burst, and electromagnetic counterparts associated with, for example, shock breakout. Moreover, collaboration between core collapse supernova modelers and gravitational wave astronomers, given researchers’ deeper understanding of core collapse supernova gravitational wave sources and the increasingly sophisticated data analysis algorithms available, has significantly advanced core collapse supernova parameter estimation. In the event of a detection, the extraction of critical information about the remnant proto–neutron star, such as its mass, and potentially about the high-density, neutron-rich nuclear equation of state, specifically, the nucleon-nucleon interaction, may be possible as a result. Models, detection strategies, and parameter estimation are advancing. A detection in current interferometers would advance core collapse supernova science by leaps and bounds, and next generation interferometers promise even more. 

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