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			<titleStmt><title level='a'>Gene-rich X chromosomes implicate intragenomic conflict in the evolution of bizarre genetic systems</title></titleStmt>
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				<publisher></publisher>
				<date>06/07/2022</date>
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				<bibl> 
					<idno type="par_id">10331443</idno>
					<idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.2122580119</idno>
					<title level='j'>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</title>
<idno>0027-8424</idno>
<biblScope unit="volume">119</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">23</biblScope>					

					<author>Noelle Anderson</author><author>Kamil S. Jaron</author><author>Christina N. Hodson</author><author>Matthew B. Couger</author><author>Jan Ševčík</author><author>Brooke Weinstein</author><author>Stacy Pirro</author><author>Laura Ross</author><author>Scott William Roy</author>
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			<abstract><ab><![CDATA[Haplodiploidy and paternal genome elimination (HD/PGE) are common in invertebrates, having evolved at least two dozen times, all from male heterogamety (i.e., systems with X chromosomes). However, why X chromosomes are important for the evolution of HD/PGE remains debated. The Haploid Viability Hypothesis posits that X-linked genes promote the evolution of male haploidy by facilitating purging recessive deleterious mutations. The Intragenomic Conflict Hypothesis holds that conflict between genes drives genetic system turnover; under this model, X-linked genes could promote the evolution of male haploidy due to conflicts with autosomes over sex ratios and genetic transmission. We studied lineages where we can distinguish these hypotheses: species with germline PGE that retain an XX/X0 sex determination system (gPGE+X). Because evolving PGE in these cases involves changes in transmission without increases in male hemizygosity, a high degree of X linkage in these systems is predicted by the Intragenomic Conflict Hypothesis but not the Haploid Viability Hypothesis. To quantify the degree of X linkage, we sequenced and compared 7 gPGE+X species’ genomes with 11 related species with typical XX/XY or XX/X0 genetic systems, representing three transitions to gPGE. We find highly increased X linkage in both modern and ancestral genomes of gPGE+X species compared to non-gPGE relatives and recover a significant positive correlation between percent X linkage and the evolution of gPGE. These empirical results substantiate longstanding proposals for a role for intragenomic conflict in the evolution of genetic systems such as HD/PGE.]]></ab></abstract>
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