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1. New Insights into the Role of Visit-to-Visit Glycemic Variability and Blood Pressure Variability in Cardiovascular Disease Risk

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01454-x  

   Zhou, Jin J.; Nuyujukian, Daniel S.; Reaven, Peter D. (April 2021, Current Cardiology Reports)
2. Sex-specific cardiovascular risk factors in the UK Biobank

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1339866  

   St_Pierre, Skyler R; Kaczmarski, Bartosz; Peirlinck, Mathias; Kuhl, Ellen (April 2024, Frontiers in Physiology)

   The lack of sex-specific cardiovascular disease criteria contributes to the underdiagnosis of women compared to that of men. For more than half a century, the Framingham Risk Score has been the gold standard to estimate an individual’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease based on the age, sex, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, diabetes status, and the smoking status. Now, machine learning can offer a much more nuanced insight into predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The UK Biobank is a large database that includes traditional risk factors and tests related to the cardiovascular system: magnetic resonance imaging, pulse wave analysis, electrocardiograms, and carotid ultrasounds. Here, we leverage 20,542 datasets from the UK Biobank to build more accurate cardiovascular risk models than the Framingham Risk Score and quantify the underdiagnosis of women compared to that of men. Strikingly, for a first-degree atrioventricular block and dilated cardiomyopathy, two conditions with non-sex-specific diagnostic criteria, our study shows that women are under-diagnosed 2× and 1.4× more than men. Similarly, our results demonstrate the need for sex-specific criteria in essential primary hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Our feature importance analysis reveals that out of the top 10 features across three sexes and four disease categories, traditional Framingham factors made up between 40% and 50%; electrocardiogram, 30%–33%; pulse wave analysis, 13%–23%; and magnetic resonance imaging and carotid ultrasound, 0%–10%. Improving the Framingham Risk Score by leveraging big data and machine learning allows us to incorporate a wider range of biomedical data and prediction features, enhance personalization and accuracy, and continuously integrate new data and knowledge, with the ultimate goal to improve accurate prediction, early detection, and early intervention in cardiovascular disease management. Our analysis pipeline and trained classifiers are freely available at https://github.com/LivingMatterLab/CardiovascularDiseaseClassification. 

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3. Association of amyloid and cardiovascular risk with cognition: Findings from KBASE

   https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.14290  

   Chaudhuri, Soumilee; Dempsey, Desarae A; Huang, Yen‐Ning; Park, Tamina; Cao, Sha; Chumin, Evgeny J; Craft, Hannah; Crane, Paul K; Mukherjee, Shubhabrata; Choi, Seo‐Eun; et al (December 2024, Alzheimer's & Dementia)

   Abstract BACKGROUNDLimited research has explored the effect of cardiovascular risk and amyloid interplay on cognitive decline in East Asians. METHODSVascular burden was quantified using Framingham's General Cardiovascular Risk Score (FRS) in 526 Korean Brain Aging Study (KBASE) participants. Cognitive differences in groups stratified by FRS and amyloid positivity were assessed at baseline and longitudinally. RESULTSBaseline analyses revealed that amyloid‐negative (Aβ–) cognitively normal (CN) individuals with high FRS had lower cognition compared to Aβ– CN individuals with low FRS (p < 0.0001). Longitudinally, amyloid pathology predominantly drove cognitive decline, while FRS alone had negligible effects on cognition in CN and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) groups. CONCLUSIONOur findings indicate that managing vascular risk may be crucial in preserving cognition in Aβ– individuals early on and before the clinical manifestation of dementia. Within the CN and MCI groups, irrespective of FRS status, amyloid‐positive individuals had worse cognitive performance than Aβ– individuals. HighlightsVascular risk significantly affects cognition in amyloid‐negative older Koreans.Amyloid‐negative CN older adults with high vascular risk had lower baseline cognition.Amyloid pathology drives cognitive decline in CN and MCI, regardless of vascular risk.The study underscores the impact of vascular health on the AD disease spectrum. 

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4. Generation of Patient After-Visit Summaries to Support Physicians

   Cai, Pengshan; Liu, Fei; Bajracharya, Adarsha; Sills, Joe; Kapoor, Alok; Liu, Weisong; Berlowitz, Dan; Levy, David; Pradhan, Richeek; Yu, Hong (January 2022, Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING))
5. Relationship of cardiovascular disease risk and hearing loss in a clinical population

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28599-9  

   Baiduc, Rachael R.; Sun, Joshua W.; Berry, Caitlin M.; Anderson, Melinda; Vance, Eric A. (December 2023, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract Hearing loss has been associated with individual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and, to a lesser extent, CVD risk metrics. However, these relationships are understudied in clinical populations. We conducted a retrospective study of electronic health records to evaluate the relationship between hearing loss and CVD risk burden. Hearing loss was defined as puretone average (PTA 0.5,1,2,4 ) > 20 dB hearing level (HL). Optimal CVD risk was defined as nondiabetic, nonsmoking, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 120 and diastolic (D)BP < 80 mm Hg, and total cholesterol < 180 mg/dL. Major CVD risk factors were diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL or statin use. We identified 6332 patients (mean age = 62.96 years; 45.5% male); 64.0% had hearing loss. Sex-stratified logistic regression adjusted for age, noise exposure, hearing aid use, and body mass index examined associations between hearing loss and CVD risk. For males, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and ≥ 2 major CVD risk factors were associated with hearing loss. For females, diabetes, smoking, and ≥ 2 major CVD risk factors were significant risk factors. Compared to those with no CVD risk factors, there is a higher likelihood of hearing loss in patients with ≥ 2 major CVD risk factors. Future research to better understand sex dependence in the hearing loss-hypertension relationship is indicated. 

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