More Like this

1. Fear Conditioning by Proxy: Social Transmission of Fear Between Interacting Conspecifics: Fear Conditioning by Proxy

   https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.43  

   Jones, Carolyn E. ; Agee, Laura ; Monfils, Marie-H. ( April 2018 , Current Protocols in Neuroscience)
2. Your Phone is My Proxy: Detecting and Understanding Mobile Proxy Networks

   https://doi.org/10.14722/ndss.2021.24008  

   Mi, Xianghang ; Tang, Siyuan ; Li, Zhengyi ; Liao, Xiaojing ; Qian, Feng ; Wang, XiaoFeng ( January 2021 , Proceeding of ISOC Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), 2021)

   null (Ed.)

   Residential proxy has emerged as a service gaining popularity recently, in which proxy providers relay their customers’ network traffic through millions of proxy peers under their control. We find that many of these proxy peers are mobile devices, whose role in the proxy network can have significant security implications since mobile devices tend to be privacy and resource-sensitive. However, little effort has been made so far to understand the extent of their involvement, not to mention how these devices are recruited by the proxy network and what security and privacy risks they may pose. In this paper, we report the first measurement study on the mobile proxy ecosystem. Our study was made possible by a novel measurement infrastructure, which enabled us to identify proxy providers, to discover proxy SDKs (software development kits), to detect Android proxy apps built upon the proxy SDKs, to harvest proxy IP addresses, and to understand proxy traffic. The information collected through this infrastructure has brought to us new understandings of this ecosystem and important security discoveries. More specifically, 4 proxy providers were found to offer app developers mobile proxy SDKs as a competitive app monetization channel, with $50K per month per 1M MAU (monthly active users). 1,701 Android APKs (belonging to 963 Android apps) turn out to have integrated those proxy SDKs, with most of them available on Google Play with at least 300M installations in total. Furthermore, 48.43% of these APKs are flagged by at least 5 anti-virus engines as malicious, which could explain why 86.60% of the 963 Android apps have been removed from Google Play by Oct 2019. Besides, while these apps display user consent dialogs on traffic relay, our user study indicates that the user consent texts are quite confusing. We even discover a proxy SDK that stealthily relays traffic without showing any notifications. We also captured 625K cellular proxy IPs, along with a set of suspicious activities observed in proxy traffic such as ads fraud. We have reported our findings to affected parties, offered suggestions, and proposed the methodologies to detect proxy apps and proxy traffic. 

   more » « less
3. I/Ca in epifaunal benthic foraminifera: A semi-quantitative proxy for bottom water oxygen in a multi-proxy compilation for glacial ocean deoxygenation

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.116055  

   Lu, Wanyi ; Rickaby, Rosalind E.M. ; Hoogakker, Babette A.A. ; Rathburn, Anthony E. ; Burkett, Ashley M. ; Dickson, Alexander J. ; Martínez-Méndez, Gema ; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter ; Zhou, Xiaoli ; Thomas, Ellen ; et al ( March 2020 , Earth and Planetary Science Letters)
4. Last Millennium Reanalysis with an expanded proxy database and seasonal proxy modeling

   https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1251-2019  

   Tardif, Robert ; Hakim, Gregory J. ; Perkins, Walter A. ; Horlick, Kaleb A. ; Erb, Michael P. ; Emile-Geay, Julien ; Anderson, David M. ; Steig, Eric J. ; Noone, David ( January 2019 , Climate of the Past)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract. The Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR) utilizes an ensemble methodology to assimilate paleoclimate data for the production of annually resolved climate field reconstructions of the Common Era. Two key elements are the focus of this work: the set of assimilated proxy records and the forward models that map climate variables to proxy measurements. Results based on an updated proxy database and seasonal regression-based forward models are compared to the LMR prototype, which was based on a smaller set of proxy records and simpler proxy models formulated as univariate linear regressions against annual temperature. Validation against various instrumental-era gridded analyses shows that the new reconstructions of surface air temperature and 500 hPa geopotential height are significantly improved (from 10 % to more than 100 %), while improvements in reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index are more modest. Additional experiments designed to isolate the sources of improvement reveal the importance of the updated proxy records, including coral records for improving tropical reconstructions, and tree-ring density records for temperature reconstructions, particularly in high northern latitudes. Proxy forward models that account for seasonal responses, and dependence on both temperature and moisture for tree-ring width, also contribute to improvements in reconstructed thermodynamic and hydroclimate variables in midlatitudes. The variability of temperature at multidecadal to centennial scales is also shown to be sensitive to the set of assimilated proxies, especially to the inclusion of primarily moisture-sensitive tree-ring-width records. 

   more » « less
5. Proxy Hunting: Understanding and Characterizing Proxy-based Upgradeable Smart Contracts in Blockchains

   Bodell III, William E ; Meisami, S ; Duan, Y. ( August 2023 , USENIX Conference on Security Symposium)