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For decades one has strived to synthesize a compound with the longest covalent C−C bond applying predominantly steric hindrance and/or strain to achieve this goal. On the other hand electronic effects have been added to the repertoire, such as realized in the electron deficient ethane radical cation in its D3d form. Recently, negative hyperconjugation effects occurring in diamino-o-carborane analogs such as di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane have been held responsible for their long C−C bonds. In this work we systematically analyzed CC bonding in a diverse set of 53 molecules including clamped bonds, highly sterically strained complexes such as diamondoid dimers, electron deficient species, and di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane to cover the whole spectrum of possibilities for elongating a covalent C−C bond to the limit. As a quantitative intrinsic bond strength measure, we utilized local vibrational CC stretching force constants ka(CC) and related bond strength orders BSO n(CC), computed at the ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Our systematic study quantifies for the first time that whereas steric hindrance and/or strain definitely elongate a C−C bond, electronic effects can lead to even longer and weaker C−C bonds. Within our set of molecules the electron deficient ethane radical cation, in D3d symmetry, acquires the longest C−C bond with a length of 1.935 Å followed by di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane with a bond length of 1.930 Å. However, the C−C bond in di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane is the weakest with a BSO n value of 0.209 compared to 0.286 for the ethane radical cation; another example that the longer bond is not always the weaker bond. Based on our findings we provide new guidelines for the general characterization of CC bonds based on local vibrational CC stretching force constants and for future design of compounds with long C−C bonds.
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Pancake Bonding Seen through the Eyes of Spectroscopy
From local mode stretching force constants and topological electron density analysis, computed at either the UM06/6-311G(d,p), UM06/SDD, or UM05-2X/6– 31++G(d,p) level of theory, we elucidate on the nature/strength of the parallel π- stacking interactions (i.e. pancake bonding) of the 1,2-dithia-3,5-diazolyl dimer, 1,2-diselena-3,5-diazolyl dimer, 1,2-tellura-3,5-diazolyl dimer, phenalenyl dimer, 2,5,8-tri-methylphenalenyl dimer, and the 2,5,8-tri-t-butylphenalenyl dimer. We use local mode stretching force constants to derive an aromaticity delocalization index (AI) for the phenalenyl-based dimers and their monomers as to determine the effect of substitution and dimerization on aromaticity, as well as determining what bond property governs alterations in aromaticity. Our results reveal the strength of the C⋯C contacts and of the rings of the di-chalcodiazoyl dimers investigated decrease in parallel with decreasing chalcogen⋯chalcogen bond strength. Energy density values Hb suggest the S⋯S and Se⋯Se pancake bonds of 1,2-dithia-3,5- diazolyl dimer and the 1,2-diselena-3,5-diazolyl dimer are covalent in nature. We observe the pancake bonds, of all phenalenyl-based dimers investigated, to be electrostatic in nature. In contrast to their monomer counterparts, phenalenyl- based dimers increase in aromaticity primarily due to CC bond strengthening. For phenalenyl-based dimers we observed that the addition of bulky substituents steadily decreased the system aromaticity predominately due to CC bond weakening.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1464906
- PAR ID:
- 10342527
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Intech
- ISSN:
- 0921-5492
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1-21
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99747
