Meiotic drive describes a process in which selfish alleles are recovered in more than half of a progeny generation. It is a type of gene drive and it has been discovered in strains of Neurospora, a filamentous fungus, through its spore killing mechanism. One of the most studied meiotic drive elements within N. crassa is Spore killer-3 (Sk-3). Previous studies have indicated that there is a genomic region within Sk-3 that encodes resistance to spore killing and another that encodes an element that is required for spore killing. Sk-3’s resistance gene, rsk, has been identified. However, the exact region that mediates Sk-3’s spore killing mechanism is currently unknown. In a previous study, it was found that a mutation called rfk-2UV disrupts spore killing by Sk-3. To better understand the region of Chromosome III in which rfk-2UV is located (its exact location is unknown), I constructed a deletion vector to replace a DNA interval (v374) with a hygromycin resistance gene marker (hph). Transformants were crossed to produce offspring, and offspring were tested to determine if they possess the ability to kill ascospores. These findings will contribute to future efforts to determine the molecular nature of rfk-2UV and why this mutation disrupts the ability of Sk-3 to kill spores.
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Isolation of rfk-2UV, a mutation that blocks spore killing by Neurospora Spore killer-3
Neurospora Spore killer-3 (Sk-3) is a selfish genetic element that kills spores to achieve gene drive. Here, we describe the isolation and mapping of rfk-2UV, a mutation that disrupts spore killing. The rfk-2UV mutation is located 15.6 cM from mus-52 on Chromosome III. The significance of this discovery with respect to Sk-3 evolution is discussed
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- Award ID(s):
- 2005295
- PAR ID:
- 10342590
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- microPublication biology
- ISSN:
- 2578-9430
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- micropub-biology-000604
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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ABSTRACT NeurosporaSk-2is a complex meiotic drive element that is transmitted to offspring through sexual reproduction in a biased manner.Sk-2’s biased transmission mechanism involves spore killing, and recent evidence has demonstrated that spore killing is triggered by a gene calledrfk-1. However, a second gene,rsk, is also critically important for meiotic drive by spore killing because it allows offspring with anSk-2genotype to survive the toxic effects ofrfk-1. Here, we present evidence demonstrating thatrfk-1encodes two protein variants: a 102 amino acid RFK-1Aand a 130 amino acid RFK-1B, but only RFK-1Bis toxic. We also show that expression of RFK-1Brequires an early stop codon inrfk-1mRNA to undergo adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) mRNA editing. Finally, we demonstrate that RFK-1Bis toxic when expressed within vegetative tissue of Spore killer sensitive (SkS) strains, and that this vegetative toxicity can be overcome by co-expressingSk-2’s version of RSK. Overall, our results demonstrate thatSk-2uses RNA editing to control when its spore killer is produced, and that the primary killing and resistance functions ofSk-2can be conferred upon anSkSstrain by the transfer of only two genes.more » « less
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Meiotic drivers are selfish genetic elements that skew transmission in their favor. In the filamentous fungus N. crassa, one such meiotic driver is Spore killer-3 (Sk-3). In a cross between Sk-3 and a spore killer-sensitive mating partner (Sk-S), only half of the ascospores (sexual spores) survive. Nearly all of the survivors inherit the genes for spore killing. Previous studies have established that a gene called rfk-2 (required for spore killing) is essential for the spore killing activity of Sk-3. The rfk-2 gene has been mapped to Chromosome III, but its exact location is unknown. The goal of this study is to help identify the exact location of rfk-2. Towards this goal, I investigated a DNA interval called v378. Preliminary findings suggested that this interval may be important for spore killing. To determine if v378 is required for spore killing, I constructed and used a transformation vector to replace v378 with a hygromycin resistance gene (hph+) in an N. crassa Sk-3 strain. Strains deleted of v378 were then crossed with two spore killing-sensitive tester strains. The spore sacs containing ascospores from these crosses were imaged to analyze the effects of replacement of v378 on Sk-3-based spore killing. My findings demonstrate that v378 is required for spore killing. The potential implications of my findings with respect to our understanding of meiotic drive elements, and their potential applications, is discussed.more » « less
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Meiotic drive is a non-Mendelian inheritance phenomenon where selfish genetic elements change gene transmission in their own favor. This phenomenon occurs in the fungus Neurospora crassa during spore killing. When a strain carrying a spore killer genetic element is crossed with a non-spore killing wild type strain, the cross will produce half viable and half inviable offspring. The N. crassa Sk-3 spore killer is found on Chromosome III. Sk-3 is one of the most studied meiotic drive elements in Neurospora fungi and it is thought to require a killer gene and a resistance gene for spore killing. While the killer gene has not been identified, recent work has isolated a mutation (rfk-2UV) that disrupts spore killing. Although this mutation has been mapped to Chromosome III, its exact location is not known. In this work, I investigate the role of one DNA interval in Sk-3-based spore killing. This DNA interval, referred to as v373, is thought to reside within or near rfk-2UV. My results will contribute to future efforts to identify the Sk-3 killer gene.more » « less
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Neurospora crassa is a well-known model organism for studying eukaryotic genetics, particularly non-Mendelian inheritance mechanisms such as meiotic drive. In N. crassa, meiotic drive can be observed in fungal spore killing, where Spore killer-3 (Sk-3) is a selfish genetic element transmitted to offspring through spore killing. Sk-3 is thought to contain two principal components: a killer (poison) gene and a resistance (antidote) gene. While the resistance gene (rsk) has been identified, the killer gene remains unknown. Building on previous research that identified a 1.3 kb DNA interval (i350) essential for Sk-3-based spore killing, I analyzed two subintervals, i382 and i400, to narrow down the functional components of the Sk-3 locus. Deletion of i382 does not disrupt spore killing and deletion of interval i400 partially disrupts spore killing but does not eliminate it. Future work should retest the i400 strains in spore killing assays, to determine if the partial spore killing phenotype can be detected in all crosses when larger numbers of rosettes are examined. The findings presented here help narrow down the search for the unknown poison gene involved in spore killing, which is a critical step towards understanding processes that allow for the evolution of Sk-3-type selfish genetic elements.more » « less
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