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1. Combining Branch History and Value History For Improved Value Prediction

   Sakhuja, Chirag; Subramanian, Anjana; Joshi, Pawan; Jain, Akanksha; and Lin, Calvin (January 2019, Second Championship Value Prediction)

   null (Ed.)

   State-of-the-art value predictors either use control-flow context or data context to predict values. Predictors based on control-flow context use branch histories to remember past values, but these predictors require lengthy histories to predict anything other than constant and strided values. Predictors that use data context---also known as Finite Context Method (FCM) predictors---use a history of past values to predict a broader class of values, but such predictors achieve low coverage due to long training times, and they can become complex due to speculative value histories. We observe that the combination of branch and value history provides better predictability than the use of each history separately because it can predict values in control-dependent sequences of values. Furthermore, the combination improves training time by enabling accurate predictions to be made with shorter history, and it simplifies the hardware design by removing the need for speculative value histories. Based on these observations, we propose a new unlimited budget value predictor, Heterogeneous-Context Value Predictor (HCVP), that when hybridized with E-Stride, achieves a geometric mean IPC of 3.88 on the 135 public traces, as compared to 3.81 for the current leader of the Championship Value Prediction. 

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2. The history of natural history and race: Decolonizing human dimensions of ecology

   https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2748  

   Miriti, Maria N.; Rawson, Ariel J.; Mansfield, Becky (November 2022, Ecological Applications)

   Abstract Natural history, loosely defined as the observational study of organisms in the habitats where they occur, is recognized at the roots of ecology. Although the centrality of natural history in ecology has shifted over time, natural history is currently in resurgence: many again consider it to be the foundation of ecological and evolutionary inquiry and advocate the value of organism‐centered approaches to address contemporary ecological challenges. Educators identify natural history as the foundational entryway into the practice of ecology, for example in the Ecological Society of America's Four‐Dimensional Ecology Education (4DEE) framework. A strong natural history foundation can help generate testable hypotheses to refine mechanistic understanding of the drivers regulating species distributions and abundances and to inform restoration and conservation efforts. Given the resurgence of natural history as the foundation for ecological knowledge and practice, it is important to recognize that natural history has a long history of racism that has impacted ecological thought and priorities. This history shapes not only who conducts ecological science but also foundational ecological concepts. For example, natural history's emphasis on pristine nature untouched by humans disregards or appropriates stewardship and knowledge of most of the world's population. Because of the legacy of chattel slavery, this exclusion is particularly strong for people of African descent. This exclusion narrows ecological inquiry, limits the capacity to find solutions to ecological problems, and risks interventions that perpetuate the relation between eugenics, ecological knowledge, and natural systems. If ecology is to become an inclusive, responsive, and resilient discipline, this knowledge gap must be addressed. We here present the colonial and racist underpinnings of natural history and offer strategies to expand inclusion in the study of nature. Natural history was steeped in racism, providing a hierarchy of cultures and a taxonomy of races. Complementing growing interest in traditional and Indigenous ecological knowledge, we focus on Black ecological knowledge, for example in the study of “maroon ecologies.” Addressing the racist history of natural history is necessary for removing structural and racist barriers to diverse participation and expanding ecological knowledge bases in service of better and more just science. 

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3. Predicting history

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0620-8  

   Risi, Joseph; Sharma, Amit; Shah, Rohan; Connelly, Matthew; Watts, Duncan J. (June 2019, Nature Human Behaviour)
4. Biomineralization: Integrating mechanism and evolutionary history

   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl9653  

   Gilbert, Pupa U.; Bergmann, Kristin D.; Boekelheide, Nicholas; Tambutté, Sylvie; Mass, Tali; Marin, Frédéric; Adkins, Jess F.; Erez, Jonathan; Gilbert, Benjamin; Knutson, Vanessa; et al (March 2022, Science Advances)

   An integrated model illuminates the fate of marine carbonate biomineralizers in past, present, and future mass extinctions. 

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5. Maize transformation: history, progress, and perspectives

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-021-01225-0  

   Kausch, Albert P.; Wang, Kan; Kaeppler, Heidi F.; Gordon-Kamm, William (June 2021, Molecular Breeding)

   null (Ed.)