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1. Younger Dryas to early Holocene (12.9 to 8.1 ka) limnological and hydrological change at Barley Lake, California (northern California Coast Range)

   https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2021.9  

   Leidelmeijer, Jenifer A. ; Kirby, Matthew E.C. ; MacDonald, Glen ; Carlin, Joseph A. ; Avila, Judith ; Han, Jiwoo ; Nauman, Benjamin ; Loyd, Sean ; Nichols, Kevin ; Ramezan, Reza ( April 2021 , Quaternary Research)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Paleoperspectives of climate provide important information for understanding future climate, particularly in arid regions such as California, where water availability is uncertain from year to year. Here, we present a record from Barley Lake, California, focusing on the interval spanning the Younger Dryas (YD) to the early Holocene (EH), a period of acute and rapid global climate change. Twelve radiocarbon dates constrain the timing between 12.9 and 8.1 ka. We combine a variety of sediment analyses to infer changes in lake productivity, relative lake level, and runoff dynamics. In general, the lake is characterized by two states separated by a <200-year transition: (1) a variably deep, lower-productivity YD lake; and (2) a two-part variably shallow, higher-productivity EH lake. Inferred EH winter-precipitation runoff reveals dynamic multidecadal-to-centennial-scale variability, in agreement with the EH lake-level data. The Barley Lake archive captures both hemispheric and regional signals of climate change across the transition, suggesting a role for both ocean-atmosphere and insolation forcing. Our paleoperspective emphasizes California's sensitivity to climate change and how that change can generate abrupt shifts in limnological regimes. 

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2. The Barley HvWRKY6 Transcription Factor Is Required for Resistance Against Pyrenophora teres f. teres

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.601500  

   Tamang, Prabin ; Richards, Jonathan K. ; Solanki, Shyam ; Ameen, Gazala ; Sharma Poudel, Roshan ; Deka, Priyanka ; Effertz, Karl ; Clare, Shaun J. ; Hegstad, Justin ; Bezbaruah, Achintya ; et al ( January 2021 , Frontiers in Genetics)

   Barley is an important cereal crop worldwide because of its use in the brewing and distilling industry. However, adequate supplies of quality malting barley are threatened by global climate change due to drought in some regions and excess precipitation in others, which facilitates epidemics caused by fungal pathogens. The disease net form net blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres f. teres ( Ptt ) has emerged as a global threat to barley production and diverse populations of Ptt have shown a capacity to overcome deployed genetic resistances. The barley line CI5791 exhibits remarkably effective resistance to diverse Ptt isolates from around the world that maps to two major QTL on chromosomes 3H and 6H. To identify genes involved in this effective resistance, CI5791 seed were γ-irradiated and two mutants, designated CI5791-γ3 and CI5791-γ8, with compromised Ptt resistance were identified from an M 2 population. Phenotyping of CI5791-γ3 and -γ8 × Heartland F 2 populations showed three resistant to one susceptible segregation ratios and CI5791-γ3 × -γ8 F 1 individuals were susceptible, thus these independent mutants are in a single allelic gene. Thirty-four homozygous mutant (susceptible) CI5791-γ3 × Heartland F 2 individuals, representing 68 recombinant gametes, were genotyped via PCR genotype by sequencing. The data were used for single marker regression mapping placing the mutation on chromosome 3H within an approximate 75 cM interval encompassing the 3H CI5791 resistance QTL. Sequencing of the mutants and wild-type (WT) CI5791 genomic DNA following exome capture identified independent mutations of the HvWRKY6 transcription factor located on chromosome 3H at ∼50.7 cM, within the genetically delimited region. Post transcriptional gene silencing of HvWRKY6 in barley line CI5791 resulted in Ptt susceptibility, confirming that it functions in NFNB resistance, validating it as the gene underlying the mutant phenotypes. Allele analysis and transcript regulation of HvWRKY6 from resistant and susceptible lines revealed sequence identity and upregulation upon pathogen challenge in all genotypes analyzed, suggesting a conserved transcription factor is involved in the defense against the necrotrophic pathogen. We hypothesize that HvWRKY6 functions as a conserved signaling component of defense mechanisms that restricts Ptt growth in barley. 

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3. Convergent evolution of effector protease recognition by Arabidopsis and barley

   https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-07-18-0202-FI  

   Carter, Morgan E ; Helm, Matthew ; Chapman, Antony ; Wan, Emily ; Restrepo Sierra, Ana M. ; Innes, Roger ; Bogdanove, Adam J ; Wise, Roger Philip ( November 2018 , Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions)
4. Assessing How the Ratio of Barley Mash to Wood Chips in Compost Affects Rates of Microbial Processing and Subsequent Vegetable Yield

   https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1329038  

   Small, Gaston ; Sisombath, Brendan ; Reuss, Lauren ; Henry, Russ ; Kay, Adam ( May 2017 , Compost Science & Utilization)
5. The Effect of Drought on Transcriptome and Hormonal Profiles in Barley Genotypes With Contrasting Drought Tolerance

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.618491  

   Harb, Amal ; Simpson, Craig ; Guo, Wenbin ; Govindan, Ganesan ; Kakani, Vijaya Gopal ; Sunkar, Ramanjulu ( December 2020 , Frontiers in Plant Science)

   null (Ed.)

   Like many cereal crops, barley is also negatively affected by drought stress. However, due to its simple genome as well as enhanced stress resilient nature compared to rice and wheat, barley has been considered as a model to decipher drought tolerance in cereals. In the present study, transcriptomic and hormonal profiles along with several biochemical features were compared between drought-tolerant (Otis) and drought-sensitive (Baronesse) barley genotypes subjected to drought to identify molecular and biochemical differences between the genotypes. The drought-induced decrease in the leaf relative water content, net photosynthesis, and biomass accumulation was relatively low in Otis compared to Baronesse. The hormonal profiles did not reveal significant differences for majority of the compounds other than the GA20 and the cis-zeatin-o-glucoside (c-ZOG), whose levels were greatly increased in Otis compared to Baronesse under drought. The major differences that emerged from the transcriptome analysis are; (1), the overall number of differentially expressed genes was relatively low in drought-tolerant Otis compared to drought-sensitive Baronesse; (2), a wax biosynthesis gene (CER1), and NAC transcription factors were specifically induced in Otis but not in Baronesse; (3), the degree of upregulation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase and a homeobox transcription factor (genes with proven roles in imparting drought tolerance), was greater in Otis compared to Baronesse; (4) the extent of downregulation of gene expression profiles for proteins of the reaction center photosystem II (PSII) (D1 and D2) was low in Otis compared to Baronesse; and, (5), alternative splicing (AS) was also found to differ between the genotypes under drought. Taken together, the overall transcriptional responses were low in drought-tolerant Otis but the genes that could confer drought tolerance were either specifically induced or greatly upregulated in the tolerant genotype and these differences could be important for drought tolerance in barley. 

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