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1. Pre-Lithiation Strategies and Energy Density Theory of Lithium-Ion and Beyond Lithium-Ion Batteries

   https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6540  

   Zheng, Jim P.; Andrei, Petru; Jin, Liming; Zheng, Junsheng; Zhang, Cunman (April 2022, Journal of The Electrochemical Society)

   Pre-lithiation is the most effective method to overcome the initial capacity loss of high-capacity electrodes and has the potential to be used in beyond-conventional lithium-ion batteries. In this article we focus on two types of pre-lithiation: the first type can be applied to batteries in which the cathode has been fully lithiated but the anode has a large initial capacity loss, such as batteries made with lithium metal oxide cathode and silicon-carbon anode. The second type can be applied to batteries in which both electrodes are initially lithium-free and suffer a loss of lithium during the initial cycles, such as batteries made with sulfurized-polyacrylonitrile cathode and silicon-carbon anode. We describe the pre-lithiation procedures and electrode potential profiles during pre-lithiation corresponding to different pre-lithiation sources for both types of pre-lithiation. We also derive formulas for the theoretical specific energy and energy density that are based entirely on measurable parameters such as specific capacities, porosities, mass densities of two electrodes and extra lithium source, Coulombic efficiencies of electrodes, and the voltage of the cell. These formulas can be applied to different pre-lithiation sources to predict the specific energy of conventional and beyond-conventional lithium-ion batteries as a function of the type of pre-lithiation. 

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2. Imagining circular beyond lithium-ion batteries

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.022  

   Easley, Alexandra D.; Ma, Ting; Lutkenhaus, Jodie L. (August 2022, Joule)
3. Monolignol lithium cation basicity estimates and lithium adduct ion optimized geometries

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2019.05.008  

   Dean, Kimberly R.; Lynn, Bert C. (August 2019, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry)
4. Cylindrical lithium‐ion structural batteries for drones

   Adam S. Hollinger, Dylan R. (January 2020, International journal of energy research)

   Sections PDFPDF Tools Share Summary The low cost, simplicity, and easy use of battery‐powered multirotor aircraft has led to their adoption in commercial, industrial, agricultural, and military applications. These aircraft, however, have limited payloads and shorter endurance and range than fuel‐powered conventional aircraft. To extend these key performance metrics, a structural battery is developed that uses commercially available battery cells as load bearing and power source elements for weight critical applications. The cylindrical structural battery is tested in three‐point bending and is found to have four times higher stiffness and two times higher yield strength than the structure without battery reinforcement. Simulations of a quadcopter, redesigned with the proposed cylindrical structural batteries, demonstrate 41% longer hover time. 

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5. Cyclotetrabenzil Derivatives for Electrochemical Lithium‐Ion Storage

   https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202300892  

   Meng, Jianing; Robles, Alexandra; Jalife, Said; Ren, Wen; Zhang, Ye; Zhao, Lihong; Liang, Yanliang; Wu, Judy I.; Miljanić, Ognjen Š.; Yao, Yan (May 2023, Angewandte Chemie International Edition)

   Abstract Organic electrode materials could revolutionize batteries because of their high energy densities, the use of Earth‐abundant elements, and structural diversity which allows fine‐tuning of electrochemical properties. However, small organic molecules and intermediates formed during their redox cycling in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have high solubility in organic electrolytes, leading to rapid decay of cycling performance. We report the use of three cyclotetrabenzil octaketone macrocycles as cathode materials for LIBs. The rigid and insoluble naphthalene‐based cyclotetrabenzil reversibly accepts eight electrons in a two‐step process with a specific capacity of 279 mAh g⁻¹and a stable cycling performance with ≈65 % capacity retention after 135 cycles. DFT calculations indicate that its reduction increases both ring strain and ring rigidity, as demonstrated by computed high distortion energies, repulsive regions in NCI plots, and close [C⋅⋅⋅C] contacts between the naphthalenes. This work highlights the importance of shape‐persistency and ring strain in the design of redox‐active macrocycles that maintain very low solubility in various redox states. 

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