Machine learning system design frequently necessitates balancing multiple objectives, such as prediction error and energy consumption for deep neural networks (DNNs). Typically, no single design performs well across all objectives; thus, finding Pareto-optimal designs is of interest. Measuring different objectives frequently incurs different costs; for example, measuring the prediction error of DNNs is significantly more expensive than measuring the energy consumption of a pre-trained DNN because it requires re-training the DNN. Current state-of-the-art methods do not account for this difference in objective evaluation cost, potentially wasting costly evaluations of objective functions for little information gain. To address this issue, we propose a novel cost-aware decoupled approach that weights the improvement of the hypervolume of the Pareto region by the measurement cost of each objective. We perform experiments on a of range of DNN applications for comprehensive evaluation of our approach.
more »
« less
Getting the Best Bang For Your Buck: Choosing What to Evaluate for Faster Bayesian Optimization
Machine learning system design frequently necessitates balancing multiple objectives, such as prediction error and energy consumption, for deep neural networks (DNNs). Typically, no single design performs well across all objectives; thus, finding Pareto-optimal designs is of interest. Measuring different objectives frequently incurs different costs; for example, measuring the prediction error of DNNs is significantly more expensive than measuring the energy consumption of a pre-trained DNN because it requires re-training the DNN. Current state-of-the-art methods do not account for this difference in objective evaluation cost, potentially wasting costly evaluations of objective functions for little information gain. To address this issue, we propose a novel cost-aware decoupled approach that weights the improvement of the hypervolume of the Pareto region by the measurement cost of each objective. To evaluate our approach, we perform experiments on several machine learning systems deployed on energy constraints environments.
more »
« less
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10358788
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- 1st International Conference on Automated Machine Learning
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
The design of machine learning systems often requires trading off different objectives, for example, prediction error and energy consumption for deep neural networks (DNNs). Typically, no single design performs well in all objectives; therefore, finding Pareto-optimal designs is of interest. The search for Pareto-optimal designs involves evaluating designs in an iterative process, and the measurements are used to evaluate an acquisition function that guides the search process. However, measuring different objectives incurs different costs. For example, the cost of measuring the prediction error of DNNs is orders of magnitude higher than that of measuring the energy consumption of a pre-trained DNN as it requires re-training the DNN. Current state-of-the-art methods do not consider this difference in objective evaluation cost, potentially incurring expensive evaluations of objective functions in the optimization process. In this paper, we develop a novel decoupled and cost-aware multi-objective optimization algorithm, which we call Flexible Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization (FlexiBO) to address this issue. For evaluating each design, FlexiBO selects the objective with higher relative gain by weighting the improvement of the hypervolume of the Pareto region with the measurement cost of each objective. This strategy, therefore, balances the expense of collecting new information with the knowledge gained through objective evaluations, preventing FlexiBO from performing expensive measurements for little to no gain. We evaluate FlexiBO on seven state-of-the-art DNNs for image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), and speech-to-text translation. Our results indicate that, given the same total experimental budget, FlexiBO discovers designs with 4.8% to 12.4% lower hypervolume error than the best method in state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization.more » « less
-
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have emerged as the most powerful machine learning technique in numerous artificial intelligent applications. However, the large sizes of DNNs make themselves both computation and memory intensive, thereby limiting the hardware performance of dedicated DNN accelerators. In this paper, we propose a holistic framework for energy-efficient high-performance highly-compressed DNN hardware design. First, we propose block-circulant matrix-based DNN training and inference schemes, which theoretically guarantee Big-O complexity reduction in both computational cost (from O(n2) to O(n log n)) and storage requirement (from O(n2) to O(n)) of DNNs. Second, we dedicatedly optimize the hardware architecture, especially on the key fast Fourier transform (FFT) module, to improve the overall performance in terms of energy efficiency, computation performance and resource cost. Third, we propose a design flow to perform hardware-software co-optimization with the purpose of achieving good balance between test accuracy and hardware performance of DNNs. Based on the proposed design flow, two block-circulant matrix-based DNNs on two different datasets are implemented and evaluated on FPGA. The fixed-point quantization and the proposed block-circulant matrix-based inference scheme enables the network to achieve as high as 3.5 TOPS computation performance and 3.69 TOPS/W energy efficiency while the memory is saved by 108X ~ 116X with negligible accuracy degradation.more » « less
-
An important goal of modern scheduling systems is to efficiently manage power usage. In energy-efficient scheduling, the operating system controls the speed at which a machine is processing jobs with the dual objective of minimizing energy consumption and optimizing the quality of service cost of the resulting schedule. Since machine-learned predictions about future requests can often be learned from historical data, a recent line of work on learning-augmented algorithms aims to achieve improved performance guarantees by leveraging predictions. In particular, for energy-efficient scheduling, Bamas et. al. [NeurIPS '20] and Antoniadis et. al. [SWAT '22] designed algorithms with predictions for the energy minimization with deadlines problem and achieved an improved competitive ratio when the prediction error is small while also maintaining worst-case bounds even when the prediction error is arbitrarily large. In this paper, we consider a general setting for energy-efficient scheduling and provide a flexible learning-augmented algorithmic framework that takes as input an offline and an online algorithm for the desired energy-efficient scheduling problem. We show that, when the prediction error is small, this framework gives improved competitive ratios for many different energy-efficient scheduling problems, including energy minimization with deadlines, while also maintaining a bounded competitive ratio regardless of the prediction error. Finally, we empirically demonstrate that this framework achieves an improved performance on real and synthetic datasets.more » « less
-
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have shown significant advantages in a wide variety of domains. However, DNNs are becoming computationally intensive and energy hungry at an exponential pace, while at the same time, there is a vast demand for running sophisticated DNN-based services on resource constrained embedded devices. In this paper, we target energy-efficient inference on embedded DNN accelerators. To that end, we propose an automated framework to compress DNNs in a hardware-aware manner by jointly employing pruning and quantization. We explore, for the first time, per-layer fine- and coarse-grained pruning, in the same DNN architecture, in addition to low bit-width mixed-precision quantization for weights and activations. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is used to explore the associated design space and identify the pruning-quantization configuration so that the energy consumption is minimized whilst the prediction accuracy loss is retained at acceptable levels. Using our novel composite RL agent we are able to extract energy-efficient solutions without requiring retraining and/or fine-tuning. Our extensive experimental evaluation over widely used DNNs and the CIFAR-10/100 and ImageNet datasets demonstrates that our framework achieves 39% average energy reduction for 1.7% average accuracy loss and outperforms significantly the state-of-the-art approaches.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- The DOI is not currently available.
